Table 3. Non-Randomized Trials.
| Study | Participants | Trial Length | Exercise Prescription/Intervention | Diet Assessment | Results: Exercise | Results: Diet |
| Andersson et al. (1991) [101] | 22 women: Age = 36 (1.4) years; BMI = 24.6 (0.3); VO2 max = 33.9 (NR) ml/kg/min. 9 men: Age = 37 (2.4) years; BMI = 25.7 (0.4); VO2 max = 42.0 (2.8) ml/kg/min | 12 wks | Supervised 60 min sessions of gym activity, 3 times/wk. Interval training - lighter intensity exercise (jogging, coordination, strength) with 3–5 min periods at 80% max work capacity. | Diet history at baseline, mid and end study. | EEEx or other data on exercise adherence were NR | No significant change in EI for lean women (n = 15, mean body fat 24.8 kg). EI was significantly decreased in obese women (n = 7, mean body fat 31.3 kg). No significant change in EI for men |
| Bryant et al. (2012) [103] | Total sample (39 women & 19 men): Age = 35.6 (9.8) years; BMI = 31.8 (4.5); VO2 max = 29.1 (5.7) ml/kg/min) | 12 wks | Supervised sessions of cycle ergometer exercise, 5 days/wk at 70% VO2 max for a duration designed to expend 500 kcal/session. | EI intake was measured during probe days every 4 weeks. EI was calculated by weighing food before and after consumption. | EEEx or other data on exercise adherence were NR | No significantly change in EI over the course of the intervention. |
| Caudwell et al. (2013) [104] | 72 women: Age = 40.6 (9.5); BMI = 31.8 (4.3); VO2 max = 28.9 (NR) ml/kg/min. 35 men: Age = 41.3 (8.6) years; BMI = 30.5 (8.6); VO2 max = 34.7 (NR) ml/kg/min | 12 wks | Supervised exercise 5 days/wk at 70% HR max with a duration designed to expend ∼10.5 MJ/wk. Mode: choice of treadmill, cross-trainer, rowing or cycle ergometers. | Test meals in the lab at baseline and 12 wks. After an individualized fixed-energy breakfast (ad libitum on the first visit), participants were provided with a fixed-energy lunch, an ad libitum dinner meal, and a snack box for the evening. | Total EEEx over 12 wks was 122.8 (20.9) MJ for men and 115.3 (15.1) MJ for women, NS. Average exercise session for men was 43 (8.7) min and 54 (10.2) min for women. | No significant change in EI for either women. No significant change in EI for either men |
| Di Blasio et al. (2012) [105] | 41 women (34 completed intervention). Completer data: Age = 55.9 (3.6); BMI = 26.9 (4.2); VO2 max = 27.0 (5.0) ml/kg/min | 13 wks | Group walks, 4 days/wk. Month 1: 40 min at RPE 11 on 15 point scale. Month 2: 50 min/RPE 11. Month 3: 50 min/RPE 13. 2 of 4 sessions/wk were supervised. | 3–day food records (2 weekdays and 1 weekend day) collected at baseline and 13 wks. | Attendance at exercise sessions was 85 (10.8)%. No significant increase in total or PA EE (SenseWear Armband) between baseline and 13 wks. | No significant change in EI or % of energy from fat, CHO or PRO. |
| Keytel et al. (2001) [106] | 19 women (non-randomized observation of 9 exerciser and 10 non-exercisers). Exercisers: Age = 58 (7) years; BMI = 25.1 (2.7); VO2 max = 1.87 (0.42) L/min. Non-exercisers: Age = 55 (5) years; BMI = 26.6 (4.3); VO2 max = 1.96 (0.42) L/min. | 8 wks | Exercise: New participants in a commercial walk/run exercise program; met 3 days/wk. Started walking 3 km and progressed to walk/jog between 3–6 km at 70–75% of age predicted max HR. Non-exercise: Volunteers recruited by media and investigator. Told no to make major lifestyle changes. | 1–24 hr recall at baseline and 2 at 8 wks. | No difference in total daily EE across 8 wks. in either the exercise or control group. Activity diary data indicated significantly greater levels of PA in exercise vs. control for sedentary, active and very active categories. | No significant change in EI or % of energy from fat, CHO or PRO. |
| King et al. (2008) [18] | 35 total (25 women &10 men): Age = 39.6 (11) years; BMI = 31.8 (4.1); VO2 max = 28.6 (5.7) ml/kg/min | 12 wks | Supervised exercise, 5 days/wk at 70% max HR, duration to expend ∼500 kcal/session. Mode: cycle ergometer, stepper, rowing ergometer or treadmill. | Test meals (lunch/dinner) on 1 day at baseline and 12 wks. | Attendance at exercise sessions was 82%. EEEx was 2333 kcal/wk. | No significant change in EI or % of energy from fat, CHO or PRO. |
| Koulouri et al. (2006) [97] | 12 total (7 women & 5 men) active participants enrolled.10 completers: Age = 28.3 (6.0) years; BMI = 22.3 (3.3). | 3 wks | 1 wk habitual activity followed by 2 wks of advice to increase walking by 2000 steps/day. | Daily food diaries over the 3 wk study period. | During the exercise period steps/day (pedometer) increased by 2, 677; EE (diary) increased 30 kJ/day, and EE (activPAL) increased 100 kJ/day. | No significant change in EI between baseline and the intervention period. |
| Manthou et al. (2010) [21] | 34 women: Age = 31.7 (8.1) years; BMI = 29.3 (4.3); VO2 max = 2.1 (0.38) L/min. | 8 wks | 150 min of supervised cycle ergometer exercise at 72–77% of age-predicted max HR in one of 2 patterns: 75 min 2 days/wk (n = 18) or 30 min 5 days/wk (n = 16) | 7-day weighed food record at baseline and 8 wks. | Compliance with exercise was 100%. EEEx = 30.2 (12.6 MJ) over the intervention. | EI increased significantly from baseline to 8 wks. No significant changes in energy from fat, CHO or PRO. Differences in EI or macronutrient intake between exercise patterns was not presented. |
| Martins et al. (2010) [98] | 22 total (Completer: 7 women & 8 men): Age = 36.9 (8.3) years; BMI = 31.3 (2.3); VO2 max = 32.9 (6.6) ml/kg/min | 12 wks | Supervised treadmill walking or running 5 days/wk at 75% max HR to induce and energy deficit of 500 kcal/session. | 3-day food record (at least 1 weekend day) at baseline and 12 wks. | Average attendance at exercise sessions = 89 (5.9)% | No significant change in EI or macronutrient intake. |
| Snyder et al (1997) [99] | 13 women (15 started): Age = 43 (11); BMI = 32.5 (8.0); VO2 max = 24.0 (4.6) ml/kg/min | 32 wks | Walking (in and outdoors) 10 min bouts, 3 times/day, 5 days/wk. at 50–67% HRR. 3 of 5 sessions/wk were supervised. | 3-day food record at baseline and 32 wks; 24- hr. recalls at 11 and 22 wks. | Adherence to exercise = 82.6 (10)%. Total estimated EEEx = 81843 (21014) kJ. | No significant change in EI or macronutrient intake. |
| Suzuki et al. (1998) [102] | 31 women: Age = 19.2 (0.2 SEM) years; BMI = 21.5 (1.2 SEM); VO2 max = 36.2 (1.1) ml/kg/min | 12 wks | Supervised cycle ergometer exercise, 30 min/day, 5 days/wk at 40% VO2 max. | Daily weighed food records analyzed weekly. | EEEx = 117.3 (3.1 SEM) kcal/session. | No significant change in EI or macronutrient intake between baseline and the training period. |
| Westerterp et al. (1992) [100] | 32 total (16 women &16 men) sedentary participants enrolled: Age range = 28–41 years; BMI range = 19.4–26.4. 5 women and 4 men did not complete the intervention. | 44 wks | Supervised training (running), 4 sessions/wk. With increasing running time to 10–30 min, 20–60 min and 30–90 min/session after 8, 20 and 40 weeks respectively. Goal of running a half marathon. | 7-day weighed food records at baseline, 8, 20 and 40 wks. | Median PA index (daily EE/sleep EE) increased over the intervention. | No significant changes in or nutrient composition of the diet were detected. |
Note, Values are means (standard deviation) unless otherwise noted. Abbreviations: CHO = carbohydrate; PA = physical activity; EE = energy expenditure; EI = energy intake; NR = not reported; PRO = protein; REI = relative energy intake; kcal = kilocalories; KJ = kilojoules; MET = Metabolic equivalent of task; hrs = hours; min = minutes; wk = week.