Table 2. Bivariate analysis of factors associated with Non-adherence to ART.
| Non-Adherent (n = 188) | Adherent (n = 710) | Total (n = 898) | Crude OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Food insecurity | |||||
| No | 53 (28.2) | 333 (46.9) | 386 (43.0) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 135 (71.8) | 377 (53.1) | 512 (57.0) | 2.25 (1.58–3.19) | 0.000 |
| Disclosure | |||||
| No | 36 (19.1) | 170 (24.0) | 206 (22.9) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 152 (80.9) | 540 (76.0) | 692 (77.1) | 1.32 (0.88–1.98) | 0.196 |
| Psychological distress | |||||
| No (Score:0–12) | 183 (97.3) | 663 (93.4) | 846 (94.2) | 1.00 | |
| Yes (Score:13–24) | 5 (2.7) | 47 (6.6) | 52 (5.8) | 0.38 (0.15–0.98) | 0.039 |
| Internalized stigma | |||||
| Score:0–2 | 123 (65.4) | 483 (68.0) | 606 (67.5) | 1.00 | |
| Score:3–6 | 65 (34.6) | 227 (32.0) | 292 (32.5) | 1.12 (0.80–1.57) | 0.555 |
| Social support from family | |||||
| No | 96 (51.1) | 417 (58.7) | 513 (57.1) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 92 (48.9) | 293 (41.3) | 385 (42.9) | 1.36 (0.98–1.88) | 0.071 |
| Social support from non-family members | |||||
| No | 137 (72.9) | 544 (76.6) | 681 (75.8) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 51 (27.1) | 166 (23.4) | 217 (24.2) | 1.22 (0.84–1.75) | 0.331 |
| Opportunistic infection | |||||
| No | 181 (96.3) | 683 (96.2) | 864 (96.2) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 7 (3.7) | 27 (3.8) | 34 (3.8) | 0.97 (0.41–2.28) | 1.000 |
| HIV-infected individual(s) in the household | |||||
| No | 160 (85.1) | 554 (78.0) | 714 (79.5) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 28 (14.9) | 156 (22.0) | 184 (20.5) | 0.62 (0.40–0.96) | 0.042 |
| Alcohol intake * | |||||
| No | 139 (73.9) | 585 (82.4) | 724 (80.6) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 49 (26.1) | 125 (17.6) | 174 (19.4) | 1.65 (1.13–2.40) | 0.012 |
| Tobacco smoking | |||||
| No | 179 (95.2) | 680 (95.8) | 859 (95.7) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 9 (4.8) | 30 (4.2) | 39 (4.3) | 1.14 (0.53–2.44) | 0.893 |
| Knowledge of HIV/AIDS | |||||
| Good (≥5) | 164 (87.2) | 622 (87.6) | 786 (87.5) | 1.00 | |
| Poor (≤4) | 24 (12.8) | 88 (12.4) | 112 (12.5) | 1.03 (0.63–1.67) | 0.990 |
| Regimen | |||||
| 1st line | 184 (97.9) | 695 (97.9) | 879 (97.9) | 1.00 | |
| 2nd line | 4 (2.1) | 15 (2.1) | 19 (2.1) | 1.00 (0.33–3.07) | 1.000 |
| Regimen drugs | |||||
| 3TC+TDF+EFV or NVP | 10 (5.3) | 67 (9.4) | 77 (8.6) | 1.00 | |
| 3TC+AZT+EFV or NVP or LPV/rit | 165 (87.8) | 575 (81.0) | 740 (82.4) | 1.92 (0.96–3.82) | 0.080 |
| 3TC+D4T+EFV or NVP | 9 (4.8) | 53 (7.5) | 62 (6.9) | 1.13 (0.43–3.00) | 0.990 |
| ABC+DDI+LPV/r | 4 (2.1) | 15 (2.1) | 19 (2.1) | 1.78 (0.49–6.47) | 0.597 |
| Pill burden | |||||
| 1–4 | 169 (89.9) | 650 (91.5) | 819 (91.2) | 1.00 | |
| ≥5 | 19 (10.1) | 60 (8.5) | 79 (8.8) | 1.21 (0.70–2.09) | 0.570 |
| Frequency of ART | |||||
| Once/day | 5 (2.7) | 45 (6.3) | 50 (5.6) | 1.00 | |
| Twice/day | 179 (95.2) | 650 (91.5) | 829 (92.3) | 2.47 (0.96–6.33) | 0.075 |
| Thrice/day | 4 (2.1) | 15 (2.1) | 19 (2.1) | 2.40 (0.56–10.11) | 0.247 |
| Refill Schedule | |||||
| Every 2 or 3 months | 43 (22.9) | 204 (28.7) | 247 (27.5) | 1.00 | |
| Every month | 145 (77.1) | 506 (71.3) | 651 (72.5) | 1.35 (0.93–1.98) | 0.132 |
| Duration of HIV infection | |||||
| <48 months | 76 (40.4) | 342 (48.2) | 418 (46.5) | 1.00 | |
| ≥48 months | 112 (59.6) | 368 (51.8) | 480 (53.5) | 1.37 (0.98–1.89) | 0.070 |
| Median (IQR) | 48 (24–72) | 48 (24–72) | 48 (24–72) | ||
| Duration of ART | |||||
| <48 months | 94 (50.0) | 421 (59.3) | 515 (57.3) | 1.00 | |
| ≥48 months | 94 (50.0) | 289 (40.7) | 383 (42.7) | 1.45 (1.05–2.01) | 0.027 |
| Median (IQR) | 48.5(24–72) | 40 (18–62) | 41 (18–64) | ||
| Perceived quality of care | |||||
| Not satisfied (0–2) | 10 (5.3) | 23 (3.2) | 33 (3.7) | 1.00 | |
| Moderately satisfied (3–4) | 22 (11.7) | 86 (12.1) | 108 (12.0) | 0.58 (0.24–1.41) | 0.340 |
| Highly satisfied (5–6) | 156 (83.0) | 601 (84.6) | 757 (84.3) | 0.59 (0.27–1.28) | 0.263 |
| Treatment sites | |||||
| HPGRK | 13 (6.9) | 86 (12.1) | 99 (11.0) | 1.00 | |
| ACS/AMO CONGO | 94 (50.0) | 208 (29.3) | 302 (33.6) | 2.99 (1.58–5.62) | 0.001 |
| MONKOLE | 35 (18.6) | 165 (23.2) | 200 (22.3) | 1.40 (0.70–2.79) | 0.423 |
| ARMEE DU SALUT | 46 (24.5) | 251 (35.4) | 297 (33.1) | 1.21 (0.62–2.35) | 0.684 |
| Travel time (in hours) † | |||||
| <1 | 103 (54.8) | 398 (56.1) | 501 (55.8) | 1.00 | |
| 1–<2 | 66 (35.1) | 251 (35.3) | 317 (35.3) | 1.01 (0.71–1.43) | 0.999 |
| ≥2 | 19 (10.1) | 61 (8.6) | 80 (8.9) | 1.20 (0.68–2.10) | 0.615 |
Defined as alcohol consumption at least once a month;
travel time from home to health facility expressed in hour(s); ART, antiretroviral therapy; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; 3TC = Lamivudine; TDF = Tenofovir; EFV = Efavirenz; NVP = Nevirapine; AZT = Zidovudine; LPV/r = Lopinavir/Ritonavir, D4T = Stavudine, ABC = Abacavir; DDI = Didanosine; IQR, inter-quartile range; HPGRK, Hopital Provincial General de Référence de Kinshasa; ACS/AMO Congo, Actions Communautaires Sida/Avenir meilleur pour les orphelins.