Table 2. PERMANOVA analyses comparing the structure of fish assemblages using multivariate data on the richness and abundance (total max N) of fishes among zone types and among years since the commencement of the zoning plan.

		(a) Fish assemblages			(b) Species richness			(c) Total max N
	df	MS	p-F	P	MS	p-F	P	MS	p-F	P
Zone type	2	3926.20	2.16	<0.01	21.17	2.34	0.10	3210.50	5.61	<0.01
SZ vs FA	1	5352.00	2.96	<0.01	5.16	0.56	0.48	5188.40	9.22	<0.01
HPZ vs GUZ	1	2500.40	1.41	0.17	37.19	7.57	<0.01	1232.70	4.42	0.05
Years	3	4194.00	2.30	<0.01	47.52	5.26	<0.01	1978.90	3.46	<0.05
Zone type × Years	6	1058.90	0.58	0.99	3.86	0.43	0.86	228.44	0.40	0.88
Years × SZ vs FA	3	894.56	0.49	0.99	4.73	0.52	0.67	363.55	0.65	0.60
Years × HPZ vs GUZ	3	1223.20	0.69	0.92	2.98	0.61	0.60	93.32	0.33	0.79
Residual	84	1820.70			9.03			571.82

Fish assemblages (a) used Bray-Curtis similarity measures following square root transformation while species richness (b) and total max N (c) used Euclidean distance to generate similarity matrices. Contrasts were included to compare sanctuary zones (SZ) with fished areas (FA) and habitat protection zones (HPZ) with general use zones (GUZ).

p-F = pseudo F ratio generated by PERMANOVA.