Age (in years)n = 1005
|
|
|
|
41 to 50
|
166 (31.1)
|
212 (45)
|
<0.01
|
51 to 60
|
228 (42.7)
|
185 (39.3)
|
61 to 70
|
103 (19.3)
|
55 (11.7)
|
70 and above
|
|
|
Marital Status n = 995
|
|
|
|
Single*
|
50 (9.5)
|
41 (8.8)
|
<0.01
|
Married
|
308 (58.2)
|
327 (70.2)
|
|
Widow
|
171 (32.3)
|
98 (21)
|
Education n = 1008
|
|
|
|
University and above
|
25 (4.7)
|
31 (6.6)
|
<0.01
|
Intermediate& secondary
|
30 (5.6)
|
48 (10.1)
|
|
Primary
|
24 (4.5)
|
41 (8.7)
|
|
Illiterate
|
456 (85.2)
|
353 (74.6)
|
Occupation n = 962
|
|
|
|
Doctor
|
1 (0.2)
|
5 (1.1)
|
0.08
|
Teacher/Administrator
|
45 (8.8)
|
51 (11.4)
|
|
Housewife
|
467 (91)
|
393 (87.5)
|
|
Husband Occupation n = 748
|
|
|
|
Doctors/teachers
|
32 (8.5)
|
26 (7)
|
0.36
|
Business man
|
98 (26)
|
104 (28)
|
|
Military
|
107 (28.4)
|
88 (23.7)
|
Administration
|
140 (37.1)
|
153 (41.2)
|
Type of House n = 965
|
|
|
|
Villa
|
390 (76.2)
|
342 (75.5)
|
0.95
|
Apartment
|
74 (14.5)
|
66 (14.6)
|
|
Small house
|
48 (9.4)
|
45 (9.9)
|
Body Mass Index n = 981
|
|
|
|
Normal
|
60 (11.5)
|
30 (6.6)
|
<0.01
|
Overweight
|
149 (28.5)
|
113 (24.7)
|
|
Obese
|
314 (60)
|
315 (68.8)
|
Exposure to sunlight per week n = 966
|
|
|
|
All the time
|
130 (25.4)
|
104 (22.9)
|
0.29
|
Twice-thrice per week
|
119 (23.2)
|
97 (21.4)
|
|
Occasionally
|
208 (40.6)
|
212 (46.7)
|
Not at all
|
55 (10.7)
|
41 (9)
|
|
Duration of exposure n = 785
|
|
|
|
Sixty minutes
|
7 (1.6)
|
4 (1.1)
|
0.13
|
Half an hour
|
103 (24.1)
|
66 (18.5)
|
|
Fifteen minutes
|
318 (74.3)
|
287 (80.4)
|
Obstetric history
|
Age at menarche n = 978
|
|
|
|
≤ than 11 years
|
141 (27.3)
|
119 (25.8)
|
0.82
|
12 to 14 years
|
303 (58.7)
|
274 (59.3)
|
|
≥15 years
|
72 (14)
|
69 (14.9)
|
|
Menstrual status n = 920
|
|
|
|
Regular
|
170 (36)
|
178 (39.7)
|
0.23
|
Peri-menopausal**
|
168 (35.6)
|
136 (30.4)
|
|
Menopause
|
134 (28.4)
|
134 (29.9)
|
|
Number of pregnancies n = 963
|
|
|
|
No pregnancy
|
10 (2)
|
20 (4.4)
|
0.08
|
Pregnant 1–4 times
|
66 (12.9)
|
62 (13.7)
|
|
Pregnant >5 times
|
436 (85.2)
|
369 (81.8)
|
|
History of breast feeding n = 956
|
|
|
|
Not at all***
|
16 (3.1)
|
20 (4.5)
|
<0.01
|
For <6 months
|
119 (23.4)
|
140 (31.3)
|
|
For >6 months
|
374 (73.5)
|
287 (64.2)
|
|
Use of Contraceptive pills
|
|
|
|
n = 947
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
272 (54)
|
208(47)
|
0.03
|
No
|
232 (46)
|
235(53)
|
|
Duration of contraceptive pill use n = 504
|
|
|
|
Less than 5 years
|
144 (57.8)
|
175 (68.6)
|
<0.01
|
5 to 10 years
|
78 (31.3)
|
47 (18.4)
|
|
More than 10 years
|
27 (10.8)
|
33 (12.9)
|
|
Past medical history
|
Diabetic on insulin n = 1008
|
|
|
|
No
|
337 (63)
|
283 (59.8)
|
0.30
|
Yes
|
198 (37)
|
190 (40.2)
|
|
Past history of fractures on trivial fall n = 954
|
|
|
|
No
|
442 (86.8)
|
398 (89.4)
|
0.13
|
Yes
|
67 (13.2)
|
47 (10.6)
|
|
Family History
|
History of Osteoporosis in the family n = 870
|
|
|
|
No
|
457 (98.3)
|
389 (96)
|
0.04
|
|
Yes
|
8 (1.7)
|
16 (4)
|
|
Family history of fracture on trivial fall n = 846
|
|
|
|
No
|
449 (98.5)
|
379 (97.2)
|
0.19
|
Yes
|
7 (1.5)
|
11 (2.8)
|
|
Physical Activity
|
Walking n = 1008
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
274 (51.2)
|
258 (54.5)
|
0.29
|
No
|
261 (48.8)
|
215 (45.5)
|
|
Climbing Stairs n = 1008
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
28 (5.2)
|
25 (5.3)
|
0.97
|
No
|
507 (94.8)
|
448 (94.7)
|
|
Swimming n = 1008
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
11 (2.1)
|
6 (1.3)
|
0.33
|
No
|
524 (97.9)
|
467 (98.7)
|
|
Dietary Habits
|
Milk (200 ml) n = 1008
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
420 (78.5)
|
397 (83.9)
|
0.03
|
No
|
115 (21.5)
|
76 (16.1)
|
|
Laban (200 ml) n = 1008
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
451 (84.3)
|
410 (86.7)
|
0.28
|
No
|
84 (15.7)
|
63 (13.3)
|
|
Cheese (slice = 100gms) n = 1008
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
421 (78.7)
|
399 (84.4)
|
0.02
|
No
|
114 (21.3)
|
74 (15.6)
|
|
Fish slice(any type) n = 1008
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
330 (61.7)
|
323 (68.3)
|
0.03
|
No
|
205 (38.3)
|
150 (31.7)
|
|
Meat n = 1008
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
493 (92.1)
|
443 (93.7)
|
0.35
|
No
|
42 (7.9)
|
30 (6.3)
|
|
Green Tea (100 ml)n = 1008
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
488 (91.2)
|
431 (91.1)
|
0.95
|
No
|
47 (8.8)
|
42 (8.9)
|
|
Arabic coffee (100 ml)n = 1008
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
447 (83.6)
|
414 (87.5)
|
0.07
|
No
|
88 (16.4)
|
59 (12.5)
|
|
Beverages (250 ml)n = 1008
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
97 (18.1)
|
127 (26.8)
|
<0.01
|
No |
438 (81.9) |
346 (73.2) |
|