Table 1.
Characteristic of Saudi women screened for low bone mineral density using quantitative ultrasound technique in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| Characteristic | Women screened as positive for low BMD using QUS (n%) | Women screened as negative for low BMD using QUS (n%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Age (in years)n = 1005 |
|
|
|
| 41 to 50 |
166 (31.1) |
212 (45) |
<0.01 |
| 51 to 60 |
228 (42.7) |
185 (39.3) |
|
| 61 to 70 |
103 (19.3) |
55 (11.7) |
|
| 70 and above |
|
|
|
|
Marital Status n = 995 |
|
|
|
| Single* |
50 (9.5) |
41 (8.8) |
<0.01 |
| Married |
308 (58.2) |
327 (70.2) |
|
| Widow |
171 (32.3) |
98 (21) |
|
|
Education n = 1008 |
|
|
|
| University and above |
25 (4.7) |
31 (6.6) |
<0.01 |
| Intermediate& secondary |
30 (5.6) |
48 (10.1) |
|
| Primary |
24 (4.5) |
41 (8.7) |
|
| Illiterate |
456 (85.2) |
353 (74.6) |
|
|
Occupation n = 962 |
|
|
|
| Doctor |
1 (0.2) |
5 (1.1) |
0.08 |
| Teacher/Administrator |
45 (8.8) |
51 (11.4) |
|
| Housewife |
467 (91) |
393 (87.5) |
|
|
Husband Occupation n = 748 |
|
|
|
| Doctors/teachers |
32 (8.5) |
26 (7) |
0.36 |
| Business man |
98 (26) |
104 (28) |
|
| Military |
107 (28.4) |
88 (23.7) |
|
| Administration |
140 (37.1) |
153 (41.2) |
|
|
Type of House n = 965 |
|
|
|
| Villa |
390 (76.2) |
342 (75.5) |
0.95 |
| Apartment |
74 (14.5) |
66 (14.6) |
|
| Small house |
48 (9.4) |
45 (9.9) |
|
|
Body Mass Index n = 981 |
|
|
|
| Normal |
60 (11.5) |
30 (6.6) |
<0.01 |
| Overweight |
149 (28.5) |
113 (24.7) |
|
| Obese |
314 (60) |
315 (68.8) |
|
|
Exposure to sunlight per week n = 966 |
|
|
|
| All the time |
130 (25.4) |
104 (22.9) |
0.29 |
| Twice-thrice per week |
119 (23.2) |
97 (21.4) |
|
| Occasionally |
208 (40.6) |
212 (46.7) |
|
| Not at all |
55 (10.7) |
41 (9) |
|
|
Duration of exposure n = 785 |
|
|
|
| Sixty minutes |
7 (1.6) |
4 (1.1) |
0.13 |
| Half an hour |
103 (24.1) |
66 (18.5) |
|
| Fifteen minutes |
318 (74.3) |
287 (80.4) |
|
|
Obstetric history
| |||
|
Age at menarche n = 978 |
|
|
|
| ≤ than 11 years |
141 (27.3) |
119 (25.8) |
0.82 |
| 12 to 14 years |
303 (58.7) |
274 (59.3) |
|
| ≥15 years |
72 (14) |
69 (14.9) |
|
|
Menstrual status n = 920 |
|
|
|
| Regular |
170 (36) |
178 (39.7) |
0.23 |
| Peri-menopausal** |
168 (35.6) |
136 (30.4) |
|
| Menopause |
134 (28.4) |
134 (29.9) |
|
|
Number of pregnancies n = 963 |
|
|
|
| No pregnancy |
10 (2) |
20 (4.4) |
0.08 |
| Pregnant 1–4 times |
66 (12.9) |
62 (13.7) |
|
| Pregnant >5 times |
436 (85.2) |
369 (81.8) |
|
|
History of breast feeding n = 956 |
|
|
|
| Not at all*** |
16 (3.1) |
20 (4.5) |
<0.01 |
| For <6 months |
119 (23.4) |
140 (31.3) |
|
| For >6 months |
374 (73.5) |
287 (64.2) |
|
|
Use of Contraceptive pills |
|
|
|
|
n = 947 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
272 (54) |
208(47) |
0.03 |
| No |
232 (46) |
235(53) |
|
|
Duration of contraceptive pill use n = 504 |
|
|
|
| Less than 5 years |
144 (57.8) |
175 (68.6) |
<0.01 |
| 5 to 10 years |
78 (31.3) |
47 (18.4) |
|
| More than 10 years |
27 (10.8) |
33 (12.9) |
|
|
Past medical history
| |||
|
Diabetic on insulin n = 1008 |
|
|
|
| No |
337 (63) |
283 (59.8) |
0.30 |
| Yes |
198 (37) |
190 (40.2) |
|
|
Past history of fractures on trivial fall n = 954 |
|
|
|
| No |
442 (86.8) |
398 (89.4) |
0.13 |
| Yes |
67 (13.2) |
47 (10.6) |
|
|
Family History
| |||
|
History of Osteoporosis in the family n = 870 |
|
|
|
| No |
457 (98.3) |
389 (96) |
0.04 |
| | |||
| Yes |
8 (1.7) |
16 (4) |
|
|
Family history of fracture on trivial fall n = 846 |
|
|
|
| No |
449 (98.5) |
379 (97.2) |
0.19 |
| Yes |
7 (1.5) |
11 (2.8) |
|
|
Physical Activity
| |||
|
Walking n = 1008 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
274 (51.2) |
258 (54.5) |
0.29 |
| No |
261 (48.8) |
215 (45.5) |
|
|
Climbing Stairs n = 1008 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
28 (5.2) |
25 (5.3) |
0.97 |
| No |
507 (94.8) |
448 (94.7) |
|
|
Swimming n = 1008 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
11 (2.1) |
6 (1.3) |
0.33 |
| No |
524 (97.9) |
467 (98.7) |
|
|
Dietary Habits
| |||
|
Milk (200 ml) n = 1008 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
420 (78.5) |
397 (83.9) |
0.03 |
| No |
115 (21.5) |
76 (16.1) |
|
|
Laban (200 ml) n = 1008 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
451 (84.3) |
410 (86.7) |
0.28 |
| No |
84 (15.7) |
63 (13.3) |
|
|
Cheese (slice = 100gms) n = 1008 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
421 (78.7) |
399 (84.4) |
0.02 |
| No |
114 (21.3) |
74 (15.6) |
|
|
Fish slice(any type) n = 1008 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
330 (61.7) |
323 (68.3) |
0.03 |
| No |
205 (38.3) |
150 (31.7) |
|
|
Meat n = 1008 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
493 (92.1) |
443 (93.7) |
0.35 |
| No |
42 (7.9) |
30 (6.3) |
|
|
Green Tea (100 ml)n = 1008 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
488 (91.2) |
431 (91.1) |
0.95 |
| No |
47 (8.8) |
42 (8.9) |
|
|
Arabic coffee (100 ml)n = 1008 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
447 (83.6) |
414 (87.5) |
0.07 |
| No |
88 (16.4) |
59 (12.5) |
|
|
Beverages (250 ml)n = 1008 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
97 (18.1) |
127 (26.8) |
<0.01 |
| No | 438 (81.9) | 346 (73.2) | |