TABLE 2.

Maternal controlling feeding practices by latent profile (n = 180)¹

	Controlling feeding profiles2
Practices3	Unlimited Access to Snacks(n = 51)	Sets Limits+Does Not Restrict Snacks(n = 42)	Sets Limits+Restricts High Fat/Sugar Snacks(n = 64)	Sets Limits+Restricts All Snacks(n = 23)
Limit buying4	0.2 ± 0.2a	0.5 ± 0.3b	0.5 ± 0.2b	0.6 ± 0.3b
Limit when5	0.8 ± 0.4a	1.6 ± 0.4b	1.5 ± 0.4b	1.7 ± 0.5b
Limit how much6	1.7 ± 0.9a	2.6 ± 0.9b	2.8 ± 0.7b	2.8 ± 0.8b
Limit second helpings7	0.9 ± 0.5a	1.5 ± 0.4b	1.5 ± 0.4b	1.5 ± 0.5b
Out of reach8	0.1 ± 0.1a	0.1 ± 0.1a	0.5 ± 0.1b	1.0 ± 0.1c

¹All values are means ± SDs. Values in the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different, P < 0.05 (ANOVA and post hoc Tukey paired comparisons).

²Four controlling feeding profiles were identified by using Latent Profile Analysis and mothers’ reports on the Restricted Access Questionnaire (2). The Unlimited Access to Snacks profile was characterized by low scores for the limit-setting variables and keeping snack foods out of reach; the remaining 3 profiles had a high limit setting but differed in how much snack foods were kept out of reach. Mothers with the Sets Limits+Does Not Restrict Snack Foods profile kept almost none of the 7 snack foods out of reach, those with the Sets Limits+Restricts High Fat/Sugar Snacks profile kept snacks high in sugar and/or fat (eg, candy, desserts, and chips) out of reach, and those with the Sets Limits+Restricts All Snacks profile kept all snacks out of reach.

³Each practice listed represents a question asked on the Restricted Access Questionnaire for a set of 7 energy-dense snack foods: popcorn, pretzels, chips, fruit-flavored chewy candies, chocolate, chocolate chip cookies, and ice cream; descriptive statistics were computed across foods.

⁴Possible scale values = 0–1; 0 = do not limit buying any of the 7 snack foods, 1 = limit buying all of the 7 snack foods.

⁵Possible scale values = 0–4; 0 = anytime, 1 = snack time, 2 = dessert, 3 = special occasions, 4 = do not allow.

⁶Possible scale values = 0–4; 0 = never limit how much, 4 = always limit how much.

⁷Possible scale values = 0–3; 0 = never limit second helpings, 3 = always limit second helpings.

⁸Possible scale values = 0–1; 0 = no snack foods were kept out of reach, 1 = all snack foods were kept out of reach.