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Cytokines/chemokines in vitro release by pathological VEC in response to TNF-α. Endothelial cells were exposed for 24 hours to TNF-α (5 ng/mL) before analysis of cytokines/chemokines release on culture supernatants. Results are expressed as fold of induction with respect to untreated cultures (set to 1). Only cytokines/chemokines showing fold of induction ≥2 have been reported. Data are means ± SD of results obtained in VEC from all CVD patients.
