Figure 3.

Inhibitory effects on cytokines/chemokines release of α-Lipoic acid and Ginkgoselect phytosome in pathological VEC cultures. Cytokines/chemokines levels were measured in culture supernatants of endothelial cells treated for 24 hours with α-Lipoic acid or Ginkgoselect phytosome used alone (a) or in combination with TNF-α (1 hour of pretreatment with α-Lipoic acid or Ginkgoselect phytosome before addition of TNF-α) (b). Results are expressed as fold of induction with respect to the untreated cultures (set to 1). Data are expressed as means ± SD. *P < 0.05 compared to untreated (a) or TNF-α treated cultures (b).