Figure 5.

Differential effects of pharmacological inhibitors on cytokines/chemokines release in pathological VEC in response to TNF-α. VEC were pretreated for 1 hour with SB203580 (10 μM), PD98059 (50 μM), Parthenolide (10 μM), SP600125 (5 μM), and MK-2206 (5 μM) before addition of TNF-α (5 ng/mL). After 24 hours, cell culture supernatants were analyzed for cytokines/chemokines release and normalized for cell number. Results are expressed as fold of induction with respect to untreated cultures (set to 1). Data are means ± SD of results obtained from four different experiments. *P < 0.05 compared to TNF-α/vehicle treated cells.