Table 2.

Cardiac structure, function, fibrosis, and oxidative damage

Endpoints	LS	LSG	HS	HSG
% Change BW	379.1±13	381.2±15	336.5±11*	354.5±10†
Systolic BP	151 ± 16	141 ± 12	244 ± 15*	221 ± 13†
HW/TL	0.34±0.01	0.33±0.02	0.42±0.1*	0.32±0.01
Malonyldialdehyde	0.4±0.02	0.3±0.02	1.4±0.2	1.0±0.1
Hydroxyproline	5.2±0.3	5.1±0.2	9.2±0.2*	7.4±0.3†
RW th	0.4±0.02	0.4±0.03	0.7±0.02*	0.5±0.03†
IVRT	21.1±2	20.4±3	31.5±3*	24.3±1†
E/A	2.6±0.3	2.5±0.1	6.2 ±0.3*	3.8 ±0.13†
% Eject. Fraction	72.1±4	72.1±4	70.1±4	71.1±5
Cardiac Index	437±22	436±19	333±26*	375±21†

% Change Body Weight (BW) from day zero. Blood Pressure (BP) in mm Hg as measured the final week before sacrifice. HW (gram heart weight) relative to tibial length (TL) in centimeters. Cardiac hydroxyproline as milligrams/grams of total protein. Echocardiography measures included RW th (relative wall thickness, mm), IVRT (Isovolumetric Relaxation Time), E/A (E Wave to A Wave), and % Ejection Fraction (% Eject. Fraction). Cardiac index is ml of blood/pumped per minute/g body weight. Data presented as mean ± SEM, n = 12 per group.

^*at least p < 0.05 vs. LS and LSG;

^†p < 0.05 vs. LS, LSG, and HS.