Table 4.
Standardized Coefficient Between Covariates and Loneliness Scores Over Time
| Covariates | Intercept | Slope |
|---|---|---|
| Age (0 = <70 or 1 = ≥70) | 0.37 (p = .01) | ns |
| Sex (1 = male, 2 = female) | ns | ns |
| Race (0 = white; 1 = other) | −0.12 (p = .05) | ns |
| Employed (0 = no; 1 = yes) | ns | ns |
| Education (at least college degree vs. less education) | ns | ns |
| Religion (Mormon or not) | ns | ns |
| Living arrangement (0 = alone; 1 = not alone) | ns | ns |
| Financial status (0 = not good to 2 = very good) | ns | ns |
| Happy marriage (1 = not happy to 7 = very happy) | −0.14 (p = .02) | ns |
| Death expected (1 = expected; 2 = unexpected) | ns | ns |
| General health (1 = poor to 7 = excellent) | −0.16 (p = .01) | ns |
| Depressive symptoms (0–15) | 0.55 (p < .001) | ns |
| Person to share thoughts with (0 = no, 1 = yes) | −0.23 (p < .001) | ns |
| Adequate opportunity to express self (0 = no, 1 = yes) | −0.51 (p < .001) | ns |
| Participation in social event (0 = none to 4 = often) | −0.16 (p = .01) | ns |
| Made new friend in group (0 = no; 1 = yes) | −0.24 (p < .001) | ns |
| Made a best friend in group (0 = no; 1 = yes) | −0.17 (p = .01) | ns |
| Study condition (support group A vs. B) | ns | ns |
| Attendance in support group (0–14 sessions) | ns | ns |
| Study site (San Francisco or Salt Lake City) | ns | ns |
Notes. ns = not significant at p < .05.
All models were estimated using a single covariate as potential modifier of both slope and intercept of loneliness. Refer back to Model B of Figure 1.