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Figure 2. GH transmits the signal in two phases. In the first phase (represented as dark arrow), GH binds to the GHR and triggers the JAK2-STAT5B signaling axis. This leads to the transcription of IGF-1 and IGF-1R. These then mediates the second phase (represented by dotted arrows) of signal transduction. Here IGF-1 binds to IGF-1R and triggers the MAPK pathway or PI3K/Akt pathway and induces osteoblast proliferation and differentiation.
