Fig. 1.
Classic and alternative pathways of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), chymase, and ACE2 are involved in the production of angiotensin (Ang) II and Ang1-7. It seems that ACE and ACE2 have balancing functions by negatively regulating different RAS products. ATI, angiotensin II type 1; AT2, angiotensin II type 2.