Table 1.
Participant Characteristics
| Caucasian | African American |
Race Difference (p-value) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (% female) | 42 | 57 | NS |
| Age, years | 29.6 | 29.2 | NS |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.4 | 28.5 | <.0001 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 167.4 | 179.2 | .047 |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 48.0 | 52.7 | .01 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 98.6 | 82.7 | NS |
| Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | 85.8 | 85.6 | NS |
| Fasting Insulin (mcU/mL) | 6.53 | 10.04 | .0004 |
| Insulin Resistance (units) | 1.40 | 2.21 | .0005 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 106.6 | 116.1 | .0083 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 61.1 | 67.0 | <.0001 |
| Education level (%) | NS | ||
| Less than High School | 0.9 | 0 | |
| High School Graduate | 6.9 | 5.1 | |
| Some College | 31.9 | 34.5 | |
| College Graduate | 19.8 | 34.5 | |
| Post-College | 40.5 | 25.9 | |
| Use of Vitamin Supplements (%)a | NS | ||
| Yes | 38.8 | 27.6 | |
| No | 61.2 | 72.4 | |
| Leisure Time Physical Activity (%) b | .03 | ||
| Yes | 86.2 | 72.9 | |
| No | 13.8 | 27.1 | |
| Micronutrient Levels c | |||
| vitamin A (μg/dL) | 53.2 | 44.3 | <.0001 |
| vitamin C (mg/dL) | 0.91 | 0.99 | NS |
| vitamin E (mg/L) | 11.1 | 10.5 | NS |
| β-carotene (μg/dL) | 17.1 | 14.0 | NS |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 0.99 | 1.92 | <.0001 |
a
in past 6 months;
b
2 hours/week or more;
c
adjusted for multivitamin use
Continuous parametric results are given as Mean (SD); categorical results as percentage; and continuous non-parametric results as median (95% confidence interval); NS = not significant