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. 2014 Jan 20;20(3):460–473. doi: 10.1089/ars.2013.5371

FIG. 3.

FIG. 3.

The induction complex consists of ULK1/2, ATG13, RB1CC1, and C12orf44. Under nutrient-rich conditions, MTORC1 associates with the complex and inactivates ULK1/2 and ATG13 through phosphorylation. During starvation, MTORC1 dissociates from the complex and ATG13 and ULK1/2 become partially dephosphorylated by as yet unidentified phosphatases, allowing the complex to induce macroautophagy. RB1CC1/FIP200 and C12orf44/ATG101 are also associated with the induction complex and are essential for macroautophagy. RB1CC1/FIP200 may be the ortholog of yeast Atg17, whereas the function of C12orf44/ATG101 is not known. This figure was modified from Figure 1 in Yang and Klionsky (154). MTORC1, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; RB1CC1, RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1. To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/ars