FIG. 5.

ATG12–ATG5-ATG16L1 conjugation complex. The ubiquitin-like protein ATG12 is irreversibly conjugated to ATG5 in an ATG7- and ATG10-dependent manner. ATG7 and ATG10 function as E1 activating and E2 conjugating enzymes, respectively. The ATG12–ATG5 conjugate binds ATG16L1 through ATG5. ATG16L1 dimerizes and allows association with the phagophore, promoting membrane expansion. To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/ars