Table 4.

Behavioral data (median, range) from four 10-min observations in unmanipulated control (UC, n=8), separation control (SC, n=7) and chronically stressed (CVS, n=8) first-time California mouse fathers. Conditions during observation were as follows: Day 2 – dark-phase, immediately following no specific manipulation (UC), 10-min separation (SC), or 10-min predator-urine stressor (CVS); Day 3 – light-phase, baseline observation (no stress or separation in the previous 6 h); Day 4 – dark-phase, baseline observation; Day 6 – light-phase, immediately following no specific manipulation (UC), 15-min separation (SC), or 15 min of restraint (CVS). Statistics are from Kruskal-Wallis tests; P-values less than 0.05 are bolded and if groups share a letter they did not differ significantly following post-hoc analysis (day 6 locomotion did not differ following post-hoc tests).

Behavior	UC	SC	CVS	χ2	P- value	η2a
Autogrooming (duration)
Day 2	17.1 (0.0–203.8)	20.0 (5.5–65.2)	36.2 (0.0 –189.0)	0.21	0.899	0.01
Day 3	0.0 (0.0–11.2)	0.0 (0.0–131.8)	0.0 (0.0–186.2)	0.67	0.717	0.03
Day 4	101.2 (0.0–117.8)	38.3 (0.0–115.1)	36.0 (0.0–116.8)	<0.01	>0.999	<0.01
Day 6	6.7 (0.0–62.9)a	71.4 (24.4–221.9)a,b	271.5 (140.8–547.0)b	17.68	<0.01	0.80
Paternal behavior composite (duration)
Day 2	135.7 (0.0–794.0)	236.0 (0.0–423.2)	43.4 (0.0–193.9)	0.80	0.669	0.04
Day 3	0.0 (0.0–2.4)	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	1.88	0.392	0.09
Day 4	0.0 (0.0–50.7)	3.2 (0.0–516.6)	10.2 (0.0–561.3)	1.56	0.460	0.07
Day 6	0.0 (0.0–0.0)a	5.1 (0.0–85.9)b	0.0 (0.0–0.0)a	17.23	<0.001	0.78
Group huddle (duration)
Day 2	167.9 (0.0–438.3)	0.0 (0.0 –256.1)	144.6 (0.0–435.8)	2.48	0.289	0.12
Day 3	599.2 (597.6–599.9)	599.0 (213.2–599.5)	599.2 (283.7–599.4)	1.56	0.458	0.07
Day 4	50.5 (0.0–484.8)	111.9 (0.0–312.6)	108.3 (4.4–582.9)	0.72	0.697	0.03
Day 6	598.6 (0.0–599.5)a	322.4 (69.0–593.8)a,b	0.0 (0.0–591.2)b	11.58	<0.001	0.53
Male groom female (duration)
Day 2	0.0 (0.0–92.1)	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0.0 (0.0 –21.0)	2.10	0.351	0.10
Day 3	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0.0 (0.0–5.2)	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	1.12	0.572	0.05
Day 4	0.0 (0.0–36.4)	0.0 (0.0–41.6)	0.0 (0.0–24.3)	0.13	0.936	<0.01
Day 6	0.0 (0.0–30.7)a	61.0 (15.4–209.8)b	0.0 (0.0–8.2)a	15.19	<0.001	0.69
Male sniff female (duration)
Day 2	0.0 (0.0–0.0)a	13.1 (0.0–27.0)b	6.6 (0.0–14.3)a,b	9.23	0.010	0.44
Day 3	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	<0.01	>0.999	<0.01
Day 4	0.0 (0.0–9.1)	0.0 (0.0–3.7)	0.0 (0.0–15.4)	0.33	0.849	0.02
Day 6	0.0 (0.0–0.0)a	7.6 (0.0–42.0)b	0.0 (0.0–1.5)a,b	11.56	<0.001	0.53
Jump (count)
Day 2	3 (0–125)	2 (0– 141)	2 (0– 144)	0.08	0.961	<0.01
Day 3	0 (0–0)	0 (0–1)	0 (0–0)	2.29	0.319	0.10
Day 4	25 (0–269)	5 (0–258)	4 (0–241)	0.83	0.660	0.04
Day 6	0 (0–0)	0 (0–14)	0 (0–45)	4.11	0.128	0.19
Rear (count)
Day 2	11 (0–22)	16 (4 –46)	19 (4 –71)	3.95	0.139	0.19
Day 3	0 (0–0)	0 (0–13)	0 (0–0)	2.29	0.319	0.10
Day 4	17 (0–61)	15 (0–82)	32 (0–69)	0.48	0.786	0.02
Day 6	0 (0–5)a	8 (1–73)b	6 (0–29)b	11.40	<0.001	0.52
Locomoting (proportion)
Day 2	0.13 (0.00–0.45)	0.15 (0.05–0.70)	0.15 (0.05–0.90)	1.13	0.568	0.05
Day 3	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.10)	0.00 (0.00–0.05)	1.15	0.562	0.05
Day 4	0.15 (0.00–0.80)	0.10 (0.00–0.70)	0.20 (0.00–0.65)	0.60	0.741	0.03
Day 6	0.00 (0.00–0.10)	0.10 (0.00–0.65)	0.05 (0.00–0.30)	6.74	0.034	0.30
Sleeping/still (proportion)
Day 2	0.55 (0.20–0.75)	0.45 (0.00–0.55)	0.20 (0.00–0.70)	3.20	0.202	0.15
Day 3	1.00 (0.95–1.00)	1.00 (0.65–1.00)	1.00 (0.40–1.00)	0.86	0.652	0.04
Day 4	0.15 (0.00–0.90)	0.30 (0.00–1.00)	0.45 (0.00–1.00)	1.99	0.371	0.09
Day 6	0.95 (0.70–1.00)a	0.20 (0.05–0.70)b	0.35 (0.00–0.65)b	14.97	<0.001	0.68

Location	UC	SC	CVS	χ2	P- value	η2a
Male in same cage-half as female (proportion)
Day 2	0.60 (0.00–1.00)	0.60 (0.25–0.85)	0.80 (0.50–0.95)	1.78	0.410	0.08
Day 3	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	1.00 (0.85–1.00)	1.00 (0.90–1.00)	1.15	0.562	0.05
Day 4	0.50 (0.00–1.00)	0.65 (0.25–0.90)	0.85 (0.70–1.00)	3.31	0.191	0.16
Day 6	1.00 (0.90–1.00)a	0.90 (0.35–1.00)a,b	0.25 (0.00–1.00)b	12.30	<0.001	0.56
Male w/in 10 cm of pups (proportion)
Day 2	0.58 (0.50–1.00)	0.60 (0.00–0.80)	0.70 (0.00–0.90)	0.23	0.890	0.01
Day 3	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	1.00 (0.40–1.00)	1.00 (0.60–1.00)	1.15	0.562	0.05
Day 4	0.35 (0.00–0.85)	0.50 (0.05–1.00)	0.33 (0.10–1.00)	0.92	0.633	0.04
Day 6	1.00 (0.00–1.00)a	0.55 (0.25–1.00)a,b	0.00 (0.00–1.00)b	9.50	0.009	0.43
Male not in same cage-half as any pup (proportion)
Day 2	0.05 (0.00–0.50)	0.20 (0.00–1.00)	0.20 (0.00–0.90)	2.58	0.275	0.12
Day 3	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.15)	0.00 (0.00–0.10)	1.15	0.562	0.05
Day 4	0.05 (0.00–0.95)	0.35 (0.00–0.75)	0.05 (0.00–0.30)	2.34	0.310	0.11
Day 6	0.00 (0.00–0.10)a	0.10 (0.00–0.65)a,b	0.80 (0.00–1.00)b	12.19	<0.001	0.55
Female w/in 10 cm of pups (proportion)
Day 2	0.48 (0.00–1.00)	0.25 (0.00–1.00)	0.70 (0.00–1.00)	0.22	0.897	0.01
Day 3	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	<0.01	>0.999	<0.01
Day 4	1.00 (0.00–v1.00)	1.00 (0.10–1.00)	0.93 (0.05–1.00)	0.60	0.743	0.03
Day 6	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	1.00 (0.85–1.00)	1.00 (0.85–1.00)	1.13	0.568	0.05
Female not in same cage-half as any pup (proportion)
Day 2	0.00 (0.00–1.00)	0.30 (0.00–0.65)	0.20 (0.00–0.70)	0.12	0.943	<0.01
Day 3	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	<0.01	>0.999	<0.01
Day 4	0.00 (0.00–1.00)	0.00 (0.00–0.55)	0.00 (0.00–0.30)	0.87	0.649	0.04
Day 6	0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.00 (0.00–.015)	0.00 (0.00–0.15)	1.13	0.568	0.05

^aEffect size estimate, calculated as Χ²/(N-1) (Green and Salkind, 2008)