TABLE 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of subjects by development of ICDs
Subject Characteristics | ICD+ (N = 18) | ICD− (N = 28) | P Value |
---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
Age (mean ± SD) | 62.4 (±10.2) | 61.9 (±10.5) | 0.86 |
Age of PD onset (mean ± SD) | 56.7 (±10.4) | 57.0 (±9.0) | 0.92 |
Disease duration, years (median, range) | 4.0 (1.0–19.0) | 4.5 (0.0–14.0) | 0.69 |
Female sex, N (%) | 9 (50) | 9 (32.1) | 0.23 |
Right-handedness, N (%) | 16 (88.9) | 26 (92.9) | 0.64 |
Right-side onset, N (%) | 12 (66.7) | 17 (68.0) | 0.93 |
Married, N (%) | 14 (77.8) | 22 (78.6) | 0.99 |
Ethnicity (% white), N (%) | 16 (88.9) | 24 (85.7) | 0.99 |
College (or higher) education, N (%) | 17 (94.4) | 25 (89.3) | 0.99 |
Social history | |||
Smoking historya, N (%) | 8 (44.4) | 4 (14.3) | 0.040 |
Lifetime cigarette smoking, pack-years (median, range) | 2.0 (0.0–90.0) | 0.0 (0.0–32.4) | 0.070 |
Current alcohol use, N (%) | 16 (88.9) | 18 (64.3) | 0.090 |
Current alcohol use, drinks/day (median, range) | 0.6 (0.0–5.0) | 0.3 (0.0–3.5) | 0.090 |
Current caffeine useb, N (%) | 18 (100) | 18 (66.7) | 0.007 |
Current caffeine use, cups/day (median, range)b | 1.0 (0.3–4.0) | 0.8 (0.0–3.5) | 0.060 |
Lifetime caffeine cup-years (median, range)b | 72.0 (19.8–124.3) | 37.5 (0.0–132.0) | 0.040 |
Motor, disability, and ADL scores | |||
UPDRS motor score (mean ± SD)c | 33.9 (±12.6) | 33.7 (±13.9) | 0.97 |
Motor complications, N (%) | 11 (61.1) | 7 (25.0) | 0.01 |
Dyskinesias, N (%) | 3 (16.7) | 3 (10.7) | 0.67 |
Wearing off, N (%) | 4 (22.2) | 6 (21.4) | 0.95 |
Off dystonia, N (%) | 8 (44.4) | 5 (17.9) | 0.05 |
Modified H & Y stage (median, range) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 0.05 |
UPDRS ADL score (median, range) | 9.0 (2.0–14.0) | 7.0 (1.0–24.0) | 0.56 |
S&E ADL Scale (mean ± SD) | 88.6 (±14.3) | 91.3 (±14.2) | 0.54 |
Nonmotor assessments | |||
MMSE (mean ± SD) | 29.6 (±0.6) | 28.9 (±1.5) | 0.04 |
BAI (mean ± SD) | 10.4 (±6.0) | 8.6 (±7.4) | 0.39 |
BDI (mean ± SD) | 39.9 (±6.1) | 37.4 (±7.8) | 0.26 |
Current sleep disorder, N (%) | 12 (66.7) | 13 (46.4) | 0.18 |
Current visual hallucinations, N (%) | 3 (16.7) | 1 (3.6) | 0.28 |
Medication usage | |||
On any dopaminergic medication, N (%) | 12 (66.7) | 16 (57.1) | 0.52 |
Total LEDD (median, range) | 150.0 (0.0–2,320.0) | 150.0 (0.0–1,510.0) | 0.61 |
On DAA, N (%) | 10 (55.6) | 11 (39.3) | 0.28 |
DAA-LEDD (median, range) | 106.3 (0.0–450.0) | 0.0 (0.0–450.0) | 0.15 |
On L-dopa, N (%) | 7 (38.9) | 13 (46.4) | 0.62 |
L-dopa-LEDD (median, range) | 0.0 (0.0–2,000.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1,450.0) | 0.64 |
On amantadine, N (%) | 3 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.05 |
On MAOI, N (%) | 5 (27.8) | 3 (10.7) | 0.23 |
On antidepressants, N (%) | 5 (27.8) | 4 (14.3) | 0.28 |
On benzodiazepines, N (%) | 5 (27.8) | 6 (21.4) | 0.73 |
PMH | |||
PMH anxiety, N (%) | 7 (38.9) | 13 (46.4) | 0.62 |
PMH depression, N (%) | 7 (38.9) | 8 (28.6) | 0.47 |
PMH alcoholism/problem drinking, N (%) | 3 (16.7) | 3 (10.7) | 0.67 |
FH | |||
PD, N (%) | 6 (33.3) | 8 (28.6) | 0.75 |
Anxiety, N (%) | 6 (33.3) | 10 (35.7) | 0.99 |
Depression, N (%) | 11 (61.1) | 9 (32.1) | 0.05 |
Alcoholism/problem drinking, N (%) | 5 (27.8) | 8 (29.6) | 0.89 |
Excludes subjects with a trivial smoking history (<5 pack-years).
Data missing for one ICD− subject.
All subjects with motor fluctuations were evaluated in the “on” state.