Table 1.

Synopsis of methods for inferring genetic versus plastic responses to climate change-mediated selection and their adaptive basis. For details, see the main text

Methods for inferring genetic change

1. Animal model analyses

2. Common-garden studies

3. Comparisons to model predictions

4. Experimental evolution

5. Space-for-time substitutions

6. Molecular genetic approaches

Methods for inferring plastic change

1. Animal model analyses

2. Common-garden studies

3. Experimental studies

4. Fine-grained population responses

5. Individual plasticity in nature

Methods for inferring the adaptive nature of change

1. Reciprocal transplant experiments

2. Phenotypic selection estimates

3. Genotypic selection estimates

4. Comparison to neutral expectations

5. QST–FST comparisons

Methods for inferring a specific causal driver

1. Common sense

2. Environment–trait correlations

3. Experimental selection/evolution