Table 2.
A synopsis of studies testing for climate-driven genetic changes in an allochronic (temporal) context in nature. Most of these studies are drawn from the taxonomic reviews in the present special issue – to which citations are provided. Owing to our specific focus (genetic change, allochronic studies, and natural populations), we here exclude space-for-time substitutions and experimental evolution in the laboratory. Also for this reason, no studies of amphibians or reptiles (Urban et al. 2014), marine phytoplankton (Collins et al. 2004), or other marine organisms (Reusch 2014) appear in the table. Also indicated is whether the adaptive nature of the change has been confirmed and whether climate change has been established as a causal factor. The numbers in parentheses refer to approaches listed in Table 1. ‘Yes’ = evidence provided, ‘No’ = no evidence, ‘.’ = not investigated
| Species | Trait | Genetic change? | Plastic change? | Adaptive? | Causality? | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fish | ||||||
| Oncorhynchus gorbuscha | Phenology | Y (6) | . | . | Y (1,2) | Crozier and Hutchings 2014 |
| Oncorhynchus nerka | Phenology | Y (3) | Y (4) | Y (2) | Y (1,2) | Crozier and Hutchings 2014 |
| Birds | ||||||
| Larus novaehollandiae | Body size | N (1) | Y (5) | N (2,3) | N (2) | Teplitsky and Millien 2014 |
| Phenology | N (1) | N (5) | N (2,3) | . | Charmantier and Gienapp 2014 | |
| Strix aluco | Coloration | Y (1) | N (5) | Y (2) | Y (2) | Karell et al. 2011 |
| Ficedula albicollis | Phenology | N (1) | Y (5) | Y (2,3) | Y (2) | Charmantier and Gienapp 2014 |
| Parus major | Phenology | N (1,5) | Y (5) | Y (2,3) | Y (2) | Charmantier and Gienapp 2014 |
| Body size | N (1) | Y (5) | Y (2,3) | Y (2) | Teplitsky and Millien 2014 | |
| Sylvia atricapilla | Phenology | Y (2,5) | . | Y (2,3) | Y (1–3) | Charmantier and Gienapp 2014 |
| Mammals | ||||||
| Tamiasciurus hudsonicus | Phenology | Y (1,3) | Y (1,4,5) | Y (2) | Y (2) | Boutin and Lane 2014 |
| Marmota flaviventris | Phenology Body size | N (1) | Y (1) | Y (2) | Y (1) | Boutin and Lane 2014 |
| Ovis aries | Body size | N (1) | Y (1,4,5) | Y (2) | Y (2) | Boutin and Lane 2014 |
| Plants | ||||||
| Brassica rapa | Phenology Physiology | Y (2,3) | Y (4), N (2,3) | Y (1,2) | Y (2,3) | Franks et al. 2014 |
| Thymus vulgaris | Allele frequency | Y (6) | . | Y (2) | Y (1) | Franks et al. 2014 |
| Andropogon gerardii | Physiology, growth | Y (2,3,6) | Y (2,3,4) | Y (3) | Y (3) | Franks et al. 2014 |
| Triticum dicoccoides & Hordeum spontaneum | Phenology, allele frequency | Y (2,6) | . | . | Y (2) | Franks et al. 2014 |
| Polygonum cespitosum | Physiology, growth | Y (2,3) | Y (2,3) | Y (1,2) | Y (2,3) | Franks et al. 2014 |
| Insects | ||||||
| Aedes albopictus | Phenology | Y (2,5) | . | . | . | Stoks et al. 2014 |
| Wyeomyia smithii | Phenology | Y (2,5) | . | Y (1) | Y (1) | Stoks et al. 2014 |
| Aquarius paludum | Phenology | Y (2) | . | . | Y (1) | Stoks et al. 2014 |
| Hesperia comma | Dispersal traits | Y (2) | N (2) | . | Y (2) | Schilthuizen and Kellermann 2014 |
| Aricia agestis | Dispersal traits | Y (2) | N (2) | . | Y (2) | Schilthuizen and Kellermann 2014 |
| Adalia bipunctata | Coloration | Y (2) | N (2) | Y (2,3) | Y (2) | Schilthuizen and Kellermann 2014 |
| Tetrix undulata | Dispersal traits | Y (2) | N (2) | N (2) | . | Schilthuizen and Kellermann 2014 |
| Drosophila melanogaster | Allele frequency | Y (6) | . | . | Y (1) | Schilthuizen and Kellermann 2014 |
| Drosophila subobscura | Allele frequency | Y (6) | . | . | Y (1) | Schilthuizen and Kellermann 2014 |
| Drosophila robusta | Allele frequency | Y (6) | . | . | Y (1) | Schilthuizen and Kellermann 2014 |