Table 1.
Empirical tests of evolutionary change or plastic responses underlying changes in avian timing of breeding or timing of migration
| Species | Localization | Trait | Genetic change | Plastic change | Adaptive | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Timing of breeding | ||||||
| Collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis | Gotland, Sweden | Laying date | No | Yes | Yes | Przybylo et al. (2000), Sheldon et al. (2003) and Brommer et al. (2005) |
| Pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca | Hoge Veluwe, The Netherlands | Laying date | . | Yes | Yes | Both and Visser (2001, 2005) |
| Great tit Parus major | Hoge Veluwe, The Netherlands | Laying date | No | Yes | Yes | Nussey et al. (2005), Gienapp et al. (2006) and Husby et al. (2010) |
| Wytham Woods, UK | Laying date | . | Yes | Yes | Charmantier et al. (2008) and Husby et al. (2010) | |
| Blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus | D-Rouvière, France | Laying date | . | Yes | 0 | Porlier et al. (2012) |
| D-Muro, France | Laying date | . | Yes | Yes | ||
| E-Muro, France | Laying date | . | Yes | 0 | ||
| E-Pirio, France | Laying date | . | Yes | Yes | ||
| Guillemot Uria aalge | Isle of May, UK | Laying date | . | Yes | Yes | Reed et al. (2006) |
| Southeast Farallon Island, USA | Laying date | . | Yes | Yes | Reed et al. (2009) | |
| Song sparrow Melospiza melodia | Mandarte Island, Canada | Laying date | . | Yes | . | Wilson et al. (2007) |
| Common gulls Larus canus | Matsalu National Park, Estonia | Laying date | . | Yes | Yes | Brommer and Rattiste (2008) and Brommer et al. (2008) |
| Red-billed gull Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus | Kaikoura Peninsula, New Zealand | Laying date | No | . | Yes | Teplitsky et al. (2010) |
| Lesser kestrels Falco naumanni | Crau Plain, France | Settlement date | . | Yes | Yes | Mihoub et al. (2012) |
| Mauritius kestrel Falco punctatus | Mauritius | Laying date | . | Yes | Yes | Senapathi et al. (2011) |
| Timing of migration | ||||||
| Barn swallow Hirundo rustica | Northern Italy | Spring arrival date | . | Yes | . | Saino et al. (2004) |
| Badajoz, Spain | Spring arrival date | . | Yes | . | Balbontin et al. (2009) | |
| Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla | Radolfzell, Germany | Timing of autumn migration activity | Yes (under artificial selection) | . | Yes | Berthold and Pulido (1994), Pulido and Berthold (2003, 2010) |
| American redstarts Setophaga ruticilla | Font Hill Nature Preserve, Jamaica | Spring departure date | . | Yes | . | Studds and Marra (2011) |
| Multiple | Powdermill Nature Reserve, USA | Spring arrival date | . | Yes | . | Van Buskirk et al. (2012) |
Genetic change: this field can take the values ‘Yes’ (genetic change demonstrated), ‘No’ (demonstration of no genetic change) or ‘.’ (genetic change not tested). Plastic change: this field can take the values ‘Yes’ (individual plasticity demonstrated), ‘No’ (no plasticity demonstrated) and ‘.’ (plasticity not tested). Adaptive: this field can take the values ‘Yes’ (adaptive), ‘No’ (maladaptive), ‘0’ (neither adaptive nor maladaptive, for example, in the case there is no selection or selection is not significant) and ‘.’ (not investigated). We did not indicate the method of investigation separately by study in the table as all studies used the same methods: ‘animal models’ to test for genetic change, analysis of ‘individual plasticity in nature’ to test for plastic changes, and ‘phenotypic selection estimates’ to test whether changes were adaptive or not (see Merilä and Hendry this issue).