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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Feb 5.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2013 Jun 14;113(8):6621–6658. doi: 10.1021/cr300463y

Scheme 13. Comparison of Biological and Chemical Pathways for C–C Bond Formationa.

Scheme 13

aLeft: Enzymatic mechanism of acetyl-CoA synthesis by the Ni-metalloenzyme ACS. In the CODH/ACS complex, CO2 is reduced by CODH to generate CO, which is channeled to the ACS active site, where it combines with a methyl group and CoA to generate acetyl-CoA. Right: Mechanism of acetic acid synthesis by the Monsanto process, showing only the key steps and fragments at the metal center. It consists of “organo” and a “metallo” cycles, the later having steps similar to those for ACS.