Table 4.

Review of studies on posterior epistaxis treated with embolisation

First author (reference)	Yeara	No. of patients	Mean age (year)	No. of procedures	Embolic material for ECA branches	Immediate clinical success (%)b	Severe complications (%)c
Vítek [30]	1991	30	62	34	GS	87	3.3 hemiparesis
Elden [32]	1994	97	53	108	PVA	88	2 stroke, skin slough
Elahi [57]	1995	57	53.1	54	PVA	91	6 stroke
Tseng [7]	1998	112	55	114	PVA, GS	91	0.9 stroke
Moreau [58]	1998	45	48.8	46	PVA	95	4
Leppanen [59]	1999	37	53	38	PVA, coils	89	0
Oguni [60]	2000	37	57.3	40	GS	95	0
Andersen [33]	2005	22	59	30	PVA, spheres	87	5 nose necrosis
Christensen [61]	2005	70	59.1	70	PVA, GS, coils	87	1 stroke
Sadri [34]	2006	14	57	15	PVA	71	7 nose necrosis, palate necrosis
Fukutsuji [62]	2008	22	56.8	23	GS, coils	77.3	0
Strach [35]	2011	48	58.7	53	PVA, coils	93.5	4 nose necrosis, hemiparesis
Gottumukkala [56]	2013	84	63.8	85	PVA	89	1

GS = gelatin sponge

^aThe table includes studies with selective embolisation using microcatheters

^bThe overall clinical success also depended on the proportions of patients with HHT

^cDefinitions of severe stroke were variable