Table 5.
The effects of non-opioids on evoked potentials (EP) obtained in healthy volunteers. In the design column the analysis method, the number of subjects (n), stimulation method and the recording electrodes used are shown (e.g. Px and Cx indicate the placement of the recording electrodes in the international 10–20 system)
| Drug | Study | Design | EP amplitude | EP latency | Subjective pain |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anticonvulsants | |||||
| CM 40907 orally (600 mg) (900 mg) (1200 mg) | Schaffler et al [69] | Laser stimulation of the forearm n = 12 Cz | ↓ Dose dependent | ↔ | ↓ |
| Lamotrigine orally (300 mg) | Klamt et al. [71] | Carbon dioxide jets on nasal mucosa n = 18 Fz, Cz, Pz | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ |
| NMDA receptor antagonists | |||||
| Ketamine i.v. (0.25 mg kg−1) (0.5 mg kg−1) | Kochs et al. [76] | Electrical stimulation by intracutaneous electrode on fingertip n = 10 Cz | ↓ Dose dependent | NA | ↓ Dose dependent |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | |||||
| Acetylsalicylic acid i.v. (1 g) | Kobal et al. [82] | Carbon dioxide jets on nasal mucosa n = 14 Fp2, F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, Pz | ↓ | ↔ | ↔ |
| Acetylsalicylic acid orally (750 mg) Acetylsalicylic acid + lithium + quinine p.o. (750 mg + 126 mg + 4.5 mg) | Schaffler et al. [80] | Laser stimulation of the forearm n = 9 Cz | ↓ | ↔ | NA |
| Acetylsalicylic acid orally (1 g) | Bromm et al. [81] | Electrical stimulation by intracutaneous electrode on fingertip n = 32 Cz | ↓ | ↔ | ↓ |
| Acetylsalicylic acid orally (1 g) | Schaffler et al. [69] | Laser stimulation of the forearm n = 12 Cz | ↓ | ↔ | ↓ |
| Azapropazone i.v. (300 mg) (600 mg) (1200 mg) | Lötsch et al. [84] | Carbon dioxide jets on nasal mucosa n = 20 Fz, C3, Cz, C4, Pz | ↓ 1200 mg | NA | ↔ |
| Diclofenac orally (50 mg) | Bromm et al. [86] | Electrical stimulation by intracutaneous electrode on fingertip n = 38 Cz | ↓ | ↔ | ↓ |
| Diclofenac orally fast release (50 mg) (100 mg) Diclofenac orally (50 mg) | Lötsch et al. [87] | Carbon dioxide jets on nasal mucosa n = 21 Fz, C3, Cz, C4, Pz | ↓ Fast release formulation 100 mg | ↔ | ↔ |
| Diclofenac i.v. (75 mg) | Schaffler et al. [88] | Laser stimulation on the back n = 24 Cz | ↔ | NA | NA |
| Ibuprofen orally fast release (400 mg) (800 mg) Ibuprofen orally (400 mg) (800 mg) | Hummel et al. [92] | Carbon dioxide jets on nasal mucosa n = 20 Fz, C3, Cz, C4, Pz | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ |
| Ibuprofen oraally (400 mg) (800 mg) | Kobal et al. [90] | Carbon dioxide jets on nasal mucosa n = 14 Fz, Cz, Pz | ↓ Dose dependent | ↑ | ↔ |
| Ibuprofen orally (400 mg) (800 mg) | Lötsch et al. [91] | Carbon dioxide jets on nasal mucosa n = 18 F3 , Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, P4 | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ |
| Ibuprofen orally (400 mg) Ibuprofen lysine orally (400 mg) | Seibel et al. [93] | Laser stimulation on the back n = 24 Cz | ↓ | NA | NA |
| Ketoprofen i.v. (50 mg) (100 mg) (150 mg) | Hummel et al. [39] | Carbon dioxide jets on nasal mucosa n = 18 Fz, C3, Cz, C4, Pz | ↑ Dose dependent | ↔ | ↑ |
| Miscellaneous | |||||
| Anpirtoline orally (60 mg) | Hummel et al. [66] | Carbon dioxide jets on nasal mucosa n = 16 F3, F4, P3, P4 | ↓ | ↔ | ↓ |
| Flupirtine i.v. (80 mg) | Bromm et al. [54] | Electrical stimulation by intracutaneous electrode on fingertip n = 20 Cz | ↓ | ↓ | |
| Flupirtine orally (50 mg) (100 mg) (200 mg) (300 mg) | Hummel et al. [105] | Carbon dioxide jets on nasal mucosa n = 20 F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, Pz | ↓ Dose dependent | ↑ | ↓ Dose dependent |
| Imipramine orally (100 mg) | Hummel et al. [66] | Carbon dioxide jets on nasal mucosa n = 16 F3, F4, P3, P4 | ↔ | ↔ | ↓ |
| Imipramine orally (100 mg) | Sindrup et al. [107] | Laser stimulation of the hand n = 10 Cz | ↔ | NA | ↔ |
| Imipramine orally (100 mg) | Bromm et al. [46] | Electrical stimulation by intracutaneous electrode on fingertip n = 20 Cz | ↓ | NA | ↓ |
| Isoflurane inhaled End tidal concentration (0.08%) (0.16%) (0.24%) | Roth et al. [109] | Laser stimulation of the hand Electrical stimulation by intracutaneous electrode on fingertip n = 10 Cz | ↓ ↓ | ↔ | ↔ |
| Orphenadrine + diclofenac i.v. (30 mg + 75 mg) | Schaffler et al. [88] | Laser stimulation on the back n = 24 Cz | ↓ | NA | NA |
| Orphenadrine i.v. (30 mg) | Schaffler et al. [111] | Laser stimulation on the back n = 18 Cz | ↓ | NA | ↓ |
| Orphenadrine i.v. (30 mg) | Schaffler et al. [88] | Laser stimulation on the back n = 24 Cz | ↓ | NA | NA |
| Paracetamol orally (1 g) | Arendt-Nielsen et al. [38] | Laser stimulation of the hand n = 12 Cz | ↓ | ↔ | ↓ |
| Paracetamol orally (1 g) | Bromm et al. [97] | Electrical stimulation by intracutaneous electrode on fingertip n = 32 Cz | ↓ | ↔ | ↓ |
| Paracetamol orally (1 g) Paracetamol + caffeine orally (1 g + 0.130 g) | Renner et al. [98] | Carbon dioxide jets on nasal mucosa n = 24 Fz, C3, Cz, C4, Pz | ↓ | NA | ↔ |
| Propyphenazone orally (400 mg) (600 mg) Propyphenazone + caffeine p.o. (400 mg + 100 mg) (600 mg + 150 mg) | Kraetsch et al. [101] | Carbon dioxide jets on nasal mucosa n = 20 Fz, C3, Cz, C4, Pz | ↓ | ↔ | ↔ |
| ReN1869 orally (25 mg) (50 mg) ReN1869 orally (25 mg twice daily for 1 week) (50 mg twice daily for 1 week) | Schaffler et al. [113] | Laser stimulation on the back n = 21 Cz | ↓ | NA | ↔ |
NA, not available.