Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics and Fasting Metabolic Parameters in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)–Infected Patients and Healthy Control Subjects
| Characteristic | HIV-infected patients (n = 73) | Control subjects (n = 21) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 48 (21–70) | 43 (21–65) | .11 |
| Male sex | 59 (81) | 12 (57) | .03 |
| Race | |||
| African-American | 28 (38) | 5 (24) | .41 |
| White | 33 (45) | 15 (71) | |
| Hispanic | 7 (10) | 1 (5) | |
| Other | 5 (7) | 0 (0) | |
| BMI, median kg/m2 (range) | 26.0 (19.8–40.8) | 27.2 (18.7–34.0) | .82 |
| Systolic blood pressure, median mm Hg (range) | 120 (90–160) | 113 (90–126) | .003 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, median mm Hg (range) | 80 (58–110) | 70 (58–90) | .006 |
| Waist...hip ratio, median (range) | 0.97 (0.83–1.22) | 0.88 (0.69–1.00) | <.001 |
| Total cholesterol, median mg/dL (range) | 182 (103–336) | 207 (120–286) | .07 |
| HDL cholesterol, median mg/dL (range) | 38 (21–93) | 53 (28–87) | <.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, median mg/dL (range) | 107 (23–228) | 131 (54–182) | .08 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol, median mg/dL (range) | 144 (61–280) | 154 (67–258) | .71 |
| Triglycerides, median mg/dL (range) | 169 (42–716) | 78 (38–1138) | .30 |
| HOMA-IR, median value (range) | 2.8 (0.49–37.13) | 1.52 (0.52–3.89) | <.001 |
| Smoking habits | |||
| Current | 25 (38) | 2 (10) | .04 |
| Past | 12 (18) | 3 (15) | |
| Never | 29 (38) | 15 (75) | |
| Low-dose aspirin use | 11 (15) | 0 (0) | .06 |
| Antihypertensive usea | 14 (19) | 3 (14) | .75 |
| Lipid-lowering medication useb | 20 (28) | 0 (0) | .005 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia medication usec | 18 (25) | 0 (0) | .01 |
| Family history of premature CVD | 4 (19) | 0 (0) | <.001 |
| Family history of type-2 diabetes | 4 (19) | 13 (18) | .90 |
| HIV duration, median months (range) | 162 (37–310) | ... | |
| Nadir CD4 cell count, median cells/mm3 (range) | 162 (0–868) | ... | |
| Current CD4 cell count, median cells/mm3 (range) | 624 (154–1718) | ... | |
| HIV-1 RNA level <50 copies/mL | 59 (81) | ... | |
| HIV-1 RNA level in subjects with >50 copies/mL,d median cells/mm3 (range) | 292 (68–1606) | ... | |
| Cumulative duration of PI therapy, median months (range) | 53 (0–201) | ... | |
| Cumulative duration of NRTI therapy, median months (range) | 96 (10–219) | ... | |
| Cumulative duration of NNRTI therapy, median months (range) | 17 (0–95) | ... |
NOTE. Data are no. (%) of patients, unless otherwise indicated. BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters); CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NNRTI, nonnucleoside analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor.
Antihypertensives include diuretics, β-blockers, angiotensive-converting inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers.
Lipid-lowering medications include statins, niacin, bile acid sequestrants, and cholesterol absorption inhibitors.
Hypertriglyceridemia medications includes fish oil and fibrates.
n = 14.