Table S1.
Frequencies (%) and z-scores of the 7 neural regions most consistently implicated in youth MDD. Shown are the frequencies of which each region was implicated across the 5 primary domains, and the corresponding z-score for the reported activation/connectivity in the region, for each study.
| Anterior (pregenual) cingulate | Subgenual cingulate cortex | Ventromedial PFC incl. lateral and medial OFC | Dorsomedial PFC | DLPFC | Amygdala | Striatum | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotion processing | 33% (2, 3) 3z = 3.26 (bilateral) |
33% (2, 6) 6Baseline z = 3.18 (bilateral) week 8 z = 2.01 (R)a |
16% (6) 6Baseline z = 3.85 (bilateral) week 8 z = 2.18 (R)a |
0% | 33% (4, 5) 4z = 3.41 (L BA 47) z = 3.06 (L BA 8) 5z = 3.44 (R BA 9) |
100% (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) 3z = 2.67 (L)a 4z = 3.06 (L) 5z = 3.52 (L) 6Baseline z = 2.58 (bilateral), week |
0% |
| Cognitive control | 40% (9, 10) 9z = 2.64 (R) 10z = 2.87 (R) |
40% (8, 11) 8z = 3.50 (L) 11Connectivity with medial frontal gyrus (BA 10) z = 3.95 (bilateral) |
40% (8, 11) 8z = 3.46 (L) 11Connectivity with subgenual cingulate cortex z = 3.95 (bilateral) |
0% | 40% (7, 10) 7Simon task z = 2.45 (R DLPFC/IFG) Stop task z = 2.40 (R DLPFC BA 9/46) 10z = 2.87 (R IFC) |
0% | 40% (10, 11) 10z = 2.87 (R) 11Connectivity with subgenual ACC z = 3.4 (R) |
| Affective cognition | 0% | 0% | 40% (12, 13) 12z = 3.90b (R) 13z = 1.77 (L) (trend effect only when MDD with comorbid anxiety was included) |
0% | 20% (12) 12z = 3.69 (bilateral DLPFC/BA 9) |
100% (12, 13, 14, 15, 16) 12z = 4.0 (L) 13Hyperactivity to fearful faces in MDD with and without comorbid anxiety: z = 3.08 (L) and z = 3.05 (L) respectively. Deactivation to passive fearful vs. happy faces in MDD with and comorbid anxiety: z = − 2.15 (L) and z = − 2.34 (L) respectively 14Fearful faces: MDD group LALA > S/Lgz = 3.35 (R). Happy faces: MDD group LALA > S/Lgz = 2.45 (R) 15z = 3.40 (L) z = 2.09 (R) 16Connectivity with ventromedial PFC z = 2.9 (“Maintain”) |
0% |
| Reward processing | 16% (22) 22z = 2.30 (R) |
0% | 66% (17, 18, 19, 22) 18z = 2.40 (L medial frontal gyrus/BA 10) 19Association with anxiety symptoms B = 4.21, p < .01 22z = 2.20 (R ventrolateral OFC), z = 2.03 (L dorsal OFC) |
0% | 16% (18) 18Reward anticipation z = 2.71 (bilateral), reward outcome z = 2.32 (bilateral) |
33% (17, 20) 20z = 2.47 (L) |
66% (17, 18, 19, 21) 18Reward anticipation z = 4.00 (L caudate head) reward outcome z = 4.05 (L caudate head) 19Association with general clinical severity B = .26, p < .01, association with anxiety symptoms B = − .64, p < .01 21z = 2.17 (bilateral caudate body), z = 1.89 (R caudate head), z = 2.15 (L) |
| Resting-state | 50% (23, 25, 27) 23Connectivity with subgenual ACC z > 2.3 (bilateral) 25z = 2.95 (bilateral) 27Connectivity with caudate z = 4.8 |
50% (23, 27, 28) 23z > 2.3 (bilateral) 27Connectivity with medial PFC z = 4.6 28z = − 5.9 (L) |
50% (24, 25, 28) 24z = 2.10 (bilateral) 25z = 3.42 (bilateral sup OFC) z = 2.62 (bilateral inf OFC), z = 2.18 (bilateral medial OFC) 28z = 5.44 (L vmPFC), z = 4.99 (L mOFC) |
66% (23, 25, 27, 28) 23z > 2.3 (R) 25z = 3.01 (bilateral) 27Connectivity with subgenual ACC z = 4.6 (R) 28z = 4.15 (L) |
50% (24, 25, 27) 24z = 3.19 (R) 25z = 2.14 (bilateral) 27z = 4.8 (L) |
10% (25) 25z = 2.45 (L) |
33% (24, 27) 24z = 3.18 (bilateral caudate) 27z = 4.8 (bilateral caudate body) |
Note: z-scores were not calculated for 3 studies (1, 2 and 17) due to a lack of information. Where T statistics and F statistics were reported, z-scores were calculated using standard SPM and Matlab scripts for conversion into 1-tailed z-scores. For studies where only p values were reported, the p values were converted into their standardized z-score. Where bilateral clusters were reported for the same neural region, an average z-score for the left and right cluster is reported. Similarly, where multiple clusters of activation were reported for the same neural region, an average z-score for the neural region is reported.
Approached significance.
Maxima of the cluster did not originate in the OFC.