Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the sample by group (N = 3285)
|
Variable |
Overall |
Intervention |
Control |
p
-value† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Gender |
|
|
|
|
| Male |
1549 (47.2) |
612 (50.0) |
937 (45.5) |
0.012* |
| Female |
1736 (52.8) |
612 (50.0) |
1124 (54.5) |
|
| Race |
|
|
|
|
| Malay |
3059 (93.1) |
1181 (96.5) |
1878 (91.1) |
|
| Chinese |
23 (0.7) |
2 (0.2) |
21 (1.0) |
|
| Indian |
148 (4.5) |
34 (2.8) |
114 (5.5) |
<0.001* |
| Other1 |
55 (1.7) |
7 (0.6) |
48 (2.3) |
|
| District |
|
|
|
|
| Seremban |
1240 (37.7) |
448 (36.6) |
792 (38.4) |
|
| Kuala Pilah |
456 (13.9) |
166 (13.6) |
290 (14.1) |
|
| Port Dickson |
465 (14.2) |
178 (14.5) |
287 (13.9) |
|
| Rembau |
347 (10.6) |
125 (10.2) |
222 (10.8) |
0.487 |
| Jelebu |
247 (7.5) |
102 (8.3) |
145 (7.0) |
|
| Tampin |
169 (5.1) |
58 (4.7) |
111 (5.4) |
|
| Jempol |
361 (5.1) |
147 (12.0) |
214 (10.4) |
|
| Location of school |
|
|
|
|
| Urban |
1373 (41.8) |
539 (44.0) |
834 (40.5) |
0.045* |
| Rural |
1912 (58.2) |
685 (56.0) |
1227 (59.5) |
|
| Father’s education level2 |
|
|
|
|
| Primary school |
336 (11.9) |
115 (11.0) |
221 (12.5) |
|
| Secondary school |
1776 (63.1) |
671 (64.3) |
1105 (62.3) |
0.291 |
| College |
290 (10.3) |
115 (11.0) |
175 (9.9) |
|
| University |
414 (14.7) |
142 (13.6) |
272 (15.3) |
|
| Mother’s education level2 |
|
|
|
|
| Primary school |
365 (12.7) |
129 (12.2) |
236 (13.1) |
|
| Secondary school |
1833 (64.0) |
692 (65.4) |
1141 (63.2) |
0.688 |
| College |
346 (12.1) |
125 (11.8) |
221 (12.2) |
|
| University |
319 (11.1) |
112 (10.6) |
207 (11.5) |
|
| Family income2 |
|
|
|
|
| < RM400 |
165 (5.7) |
56 (5.2) |
109 (6.0) |
|
| RM400-749 |
586 (20.3) |
196 (18.3) |
390 (21.5) |
|
| RM750-2299 |
1226 (42.5) |
479 (44.6) |
747 (41.2) |
0.063 |
| RM2300-5599 |
618 (21.4) |
244 (22.7) |
374 (20.6) |
|
| >RM5600 | 290 (10.1) | 98 (9.1) | 192 (10.6) |
†Chi-square test; 1Other consists of 49 Orang Asli (indigenous people), 4 Sikh, 1 Filipino and 1 Pakistani; 2Sample did not equal to N = 3285 due to missing data.
*Level of significant p < 0.05.