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. 2014 Jan 20;4:409. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00409

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Copyright © 2014 Sato, Matsuo, Atmore and Akashi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Clock genes and diabetes. Glucose levels (left panel) and insulin levels (right panel) during glucose tolerance tests in pancreas-specific Bmal1-deficient mice (PdxCre Bmal1^flx/flx). PdxCre and Bmal1^flx/flx mice are negative controls for the experiments. Bmal1 knockout mice displayed decreased insulin secretion and higher glucose levels after glucose administration. The figures are adapted from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature, Marcheva et al. (2010), copyright 2010. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA and asterisks denote significance between Bmal1^flx/flx and PdxCre Bmal1^flx/flx, and plus symbols denote significance between PdxCre and PdxCre Bmal1^flx/flx. ^*p = 0.05; ^***p = 0.001.