Table 1.

Genetic associations between circadian timing and cognitive, metabolic or mood-related disorders.

		gene	clinical association/alteration	reference
mood-related disorders	humans	ARNTL	bipolar disorder and seasonal affective/winter depression	[65–67]
		CLOCK	bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder	[68–71]
		CRY1	bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder	[69]
		CRY2	bipolar disorder and seasonal affective/winter depression	[72,73]
		NPAS2	bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and seasonal affective/winter depression	[69,74]
		NR1D1	bipolar disorder	[75]
		PER2	depression and seasonal affective/winter depression	[67,76]
		PER3	bipolar disorder and schizoaffective disorder	[65,66,77]
		RORA	major depressive disorder	[76]
		RORB	bipolar disorder (pediatric)	[78]
	animals	CLOCK, CLK, DBT and PER mutants in Drosophila	lack of cocaine sensitization	[79]
		CLOCK-d19 mice	mania-like behaviour	[80]
		PER2-deficient mice	reduced depression- and anxiety-like behaviours	[45]
		RORB-deficient mice	reduced depression- and anxiety-like behaviours	[81]
metabolic disorders	humans	RAI1	obesity in Smith–Magenis syndrome	[82]
		CRY2 and melatonin receptor (MTNR) 1B	type-2 diabetes risk	[83]
	animals	CLOCK-d19 mice	obesity and metabolic syndrome similar to diabetes	[61]
		NPAS2-deficient mice	adaptability to food restriction	[44]
cognitive disorders	humans	RAI1	intellectual deficit	[82]
	animals	PER mutants in Drosophila	defective in long-term memory formation	[84]
		CRY1-CRY2 mutant mice	disrupted time–place learning	[85]