Table 2.
Red throat intensity, time taken by males to build a nest and lifespan of three-spined sticklebacks in related to growth treatment (catch-up, control or slowdown) and male sexual responsiveness. (The full linear mixed-effect (LME) models included experiment (winter or spring) and photoperiod (AP or DP) as fixed effects, covariates of compensatory growth rate and sexual responsiveness (both of which were partitioned into within- and between-growth treatment effects; see table 1), plus their two-way interactions, and original rearing tank as a random effect. Non-significant variables were dropped from the final model. The parentheses represent the reference coding of the categorical variable.)
| analysis | final model | estimate ± s.e. | F | d.f. | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red throat intensity | intercept | 0.012 ± 0.002 | |||
| experiment (winter) | −0.013 ± 0.004 | 11.51 | 1, 70.8 | 0.001 | |
| between-group effect of growth | −0.220 ± 0.081 | 7.43 | 1, 73.4 | 0.008 | |
| within-group effect of growth | −0.046 ± 0.023 | 3.98 | 1, 77.9 | 0.049 | |
| between-group effect of sexual responsiveness | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 23.81 | 1, 75.4 | <0.001 | |
| within-group effect of sexual responsiveness | 0.001 ± 0.001 | 15.44 | 1, 76.9 | <0.001 | |
| experiment (winter) × between-group effect of sexual responsiveness | 0.001 ± 0.001 | 6.31 | 1, 6.3 | 0.015 | |
| nest-building effort | intercept | 6.407 ± 1.973 | |||
| experiment (winter) | −9.178 ± 2.457 | 13.96 | 1, 79.0 | <0.001 | |
| between-group effect of growth | 156.069 ± 67.344 | 1.66 | 1, 79.0 | 0.201 | |
| within-group effect of growth | 16.920 ± 6.295 | 7.23 | 1, 79.0 | 0.009 | |
| between-group effect of sexual responsiveness | −0.081 ± 0.020 | 15.55 | 1, 79.0 | <0.001 | |
| experiment × between-group effect of growth | −214.675 ± 66.081 | 10.55 | 1, 79.0 | 0.002 | |
| lifespan | intercept | 0.975 ± 0.448 | |||
| experiment (winter) | −2.709 ± 0.696 | 15.13 | 1, 78.0 | <0.001 | |
| between-group effect of growth | −38.421 ± 14.937 | 6.62 | 1, 78.0 | 0.012 | |
| within-group effect of growth | −18.978 ± 4.214 | 20.28 | 1, 78.0 | <0.001 | |
| between-group effect of sexual responsiveness | 0.001 ± 0.006 | 4.78 | 1, 78.0 | 0.032 | |
| within-group effect of sexual responsiveness | −0.026 ± 0.004 | 38.54 | 1, 78.0 | <0.001 | |
| experiment (winter) × between-group effect of sexual responsiveness | −0.038 ± 0.016 | 5.42 | 1, 78.0 | 0.023 |