Table 4. Clinical and metabolic characteristics of a case-control cohort of Hong Kong Chinese Type 2 diabetic patients with or without cardiovascular disease (CVD) matched for age, sex and disease duration.
| No CVD | CVD | P values | |||
| N | 953 | 953 | |||
| Sex (% of male) | 48.3% | 48.3% | |||
| Age (years) | 64.1±10.3 | 64.1±10.3 | |||
| Age of diagnosis (years) | 54.3±12.7 | 54.4±12.7 | |||
| Diabetes duration (years) | 9.4±6.7 | 9.4±6.7 | |||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.4±4.6 | 24.7±4.9 | 0.124 | ||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 85.2±11.5 | 86.3±12.8 | 0.063 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 140.0±22.8 | 143.3±21.9 | <0.001 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.0±12.2 | 76.9±11.7 | 0.110 | ||
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 7.4(6.4–8.6) | 7.8(6.8–9.3) | <0.001 | ||
| High density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.27(1.04–1.51) | 1.17(1.0–1.4) | 0.004 | ||
| Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.20(2.6–3.8) | 3.30(2.7–4.0) | 0.050 | ||
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.37(0.93–2.0) | 1.52(1.05–2.23) | 0.053 | ||
| Urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) | 2.72(0.91–14.3) | 7.5(1.80–49.3) | <0.001 | ||
| Estimated GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 97.9(77.5–116.8) | 89.1(65.7–109.1) | <0.001 | ||
| DACH1 rs1408888 | Model | OR(95%CI); P values | *OR(95%CI); P values | ||
| TT count (%) | 522(54.8) | 524(55.0) | Dominant | 1.51(1.06–2.17); 0.024 | 1.54(1.07–2.22); 0.019 |
| TG count (%) | 353(37.0) | 376(39.5) | Recessive | 1.01(0.84–1.21); 0.927 | 1.04(0.86–1.24); 0.709 |
| GG count (%) | 78(8.2) | 53(5.5) | Allelic | 1.08(0.93–1.24); 0.319 | 1.10(0.95–1.27); 0.209 |
| Types of CVD (number, %) | |||||
| Coronary heart disease | - | 541, 56.8% | |||
| Stroke | - | 453, 47.5% | |||
| Peripheral vascular disease | - | 223, 23.4% | |||
| 1 vascular bed | - | 712, 74.7% | |||
| 2 vascular beds | - | 218, 22.9% | |||
| 3 vascular beds | - | 23, 2.4% |
Data are expressed in mean±SD or median(interquatile range) or n, %). * P values and ORs were estimated by the logistic regression with adjustment for logarithm of eGFR.
Cardiovascular diseases was diagnosed based on clinical history and assessment at enrolment to the Hong Kong Diabetes Registry and/or subsequent events defined by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9), retrieved from the Hong Kong Death Registry and Hong Kong Hospital Authority (HA) Central Computer System. Coronary heart disease (CHD) was defined as myocardial infarction (ICD-9 code 410), ischemic heart disease (ICD-9 code 411-414) or death due to CHD (ICD-9 code 410-414). Stroke was defined as non-fatal (ICD-9 code 432-434, 436) or fatal ischemic stroke (ICD-9 code 432-438), or, hemorrhagic stroke as defined by fatal and non-fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage (ICD-9 code 430), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICD-9 code 431) or other/unspecified intracranial hemorrhage (ICD-9 code 432). Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) was defined as ankle-brachial ratio<0.9 using Doppler ultrasound scan, diabetes with peripheral circulatory disorders (ICD-9 code 250.7), gangrene (ICD-9 code 785.4), angiopathy in diseases classified elsewhere (ICD-9 code 443.81), peripheral vascular disease unspecified (ICD-9 code 443.9), other peripheral vascular shunt or bypass (procedure code 39.29), insertion of non-drug-eluting peripheral vessel stents (procedure code 39.90) or amputation of lower limb (procedure code 84.1) without a traumatic amputation diagnosis code (ICD-9 code 895-897).