Table 4. Prevalence of pneumococcal carriage in Africa by gender.
| Country | Ref | Age grp | Prevalence % (n/N) | RD | 95%CI | Pvalue | |
| Male | Female | ||||||
| Uganda | [51] | Children | 62.3 (66/106) | 61.2(52/85) | 0.01 | −0.13,0.15 | 0.88 |
| Uganda | [55] | Adults | 25.9(28/108) | 18.3(80/438) | 0.08 | −0.01,0.17 | 0.08 |
| South Africaa | [36] | Children | ns | ns | - | 0.02 | |
| South Africab | [45] | Adults | 8.8(75/854) | 0.0(0/2) | 0.09 | na | 1.00 |
| Ghana | [79] | Infants | 47.5 (75/158) | 49.7(76/153) | −0.02 | −0.13, 0.09 | 0.73 |
| Nigeria | [37] | Children | (ns/55) | (ns/45) | - | - | 0.05 |
| Zambia | [64] | Children | 70.9 (93/131) | 71.9(92/128) | −0.01 | −0.12,0.10 | 0.88 |
| Kenyaa | [6] | All ages | ns | ns | - | - | nd |
| Kenya | [54] | Children | 32.3(11/34) | 39.5(17/43) | −0.07 | −0.29,0.14 | 0.64 |
| Gambia | [83] | All ages | ns | ns | - | nd | |
| Malawi | [66] | Children | 48.9(ns) | 46.3(ns) | 0.03 | - | nd |
RD- Risk difference, ns- not stated, nd-no difference reported in paper, na – not applicable, Ref-reference,
a OR = 0.61 (95% CI: 0.39, 0.95),
b HIV infected mineworkers 99.8% male, p-value based on Fisher's exact test.