Table 1.
Summary of Transgenic Lines
| Phenotype/Name | Global Knockouts |
GnRH-Specific Knockouts |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GPR54tm1SPR | GPR54tm1PTL | GPR54tm1HPC | GnRH-Cre+/−-GPR54f/f | GKirKO | |
| Strategy (deletion) | Part of exon 2 | Part of exon 1 and 2 | Exon 2 | Exon 2 | Exon 2 |
| Vaginal opening, d | NR | 100 | 37 | No pubertal onset | 36 |
| Preputial separation, % | NR | NR | None | None | 20 |
| Estrous cycling | NR | No | NR | No | No |
| LH (F) ng/mL (vs WT) | NR | 0.38 ± 0.12 (↔) | 0.4 ± 0.2 (↔) | AVNR (↔) | 0.33 ± 0.08 (↓) |
| LH (M) ng/mL (vs WT) | NR | 0.18 ± 0.10 (↔) | 0.1 ± 0.0 (↓) | 0.13 ± 0.03 (↔) | 0.28 ± 0.07 (↓) |
| FSH (F) ng/mL (vs WT) | NR | 6.8 ± 1.8 (↓) | 3.3 ± 0.6 (↓) | AVNR (↓) | 0.32 ± 0.10 (↓) |
| FSH (M) ng/mL (vs WT) | NR | 2.0 ± 0.7 (↓) | 1.5 ± 0.2 (↓) | 0.25 ± 0.01 (↓) | 0.12 ± 0.02 (↓) |
| Ovary (vs WT), % | Smaller | 18 | 41 (hemiblock) | 10 | 30 |
| Uterus (vs WT) | Smaller | Smaller | NR | Threadlike | Smaller |
| Penis development | Microphallus | Microphallus | Microphallus | NR | Microphallus |
| Testes (weight vs WT), % | 10 | 28 | 17 | 10 | |
| Reference | Funes et al, 2003 (3) | Seminara et al, 2003 (4) | Lapatto et al, 2007 (10) | Kirilov et al, 2013 (41) | Novaira et al (this study) |
Abbreviations: AVNR, absolute value not reported; F, female; GKirKO, GnRH kisspeptin receptor knockout; HPC, Harvard Partners Center; M, male; NR, not reported; PTL, Paradigm Therapeutics; SPR, Schering Plough Research; tm, targeted mutation; (↔), unchanged; (↓), decreased. The inherent variability of LH and FSH assays makes direct comparisons challenging.