Table 5.

Neurosonological parameters in AD – summary.

Ultrasound parameter	Findings in AD	Conclusion
IMT	Increased IMT associated with increased short-term risk of developing AD, converting from MCI to AD, and lower response to galantamine treatment of AD	In combination with other neurosonological methods and vascular risks assessment can help to identify patients in higher risk of faster progression of AD
	Correlates with the progression of AD
Carotid atherosclerosis	Higher degree of carotid atherosclerosis associated with increased short-term risk of developing AD and converting from MCI to AD	In combination with other neurosonological methods and vascular risks assessment can help to identify patients in higher risk of faster progression of AD
	Correlates with the progression of AD
Total cerebral blood flow	Decreased in AD	Inconclusive
	Not dependent on brain atrophy
	Longitudinal data not available
Flow velocities	Variably decreased MFV in MCA in AD	Inconclusive
	Decreased flow velocities associated with increased risk of developing AD
Cerebrovascular reserve capacity	Decreased in AD	Best correlation with AD incidence and progression among all neurosonological parameters
	Decreased CVRC associated with increased risk of developing AD

AD, Alzheimer’s disease; IMT, intima-media thickness; MCA, middle cerebral artery; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MFV, mean flow velocity.