Table 4.
Frequency of unique barriers and their impact on time to resolution among participants with barriers compared to participants without barriers†
| Barriers | Participants with breast abnormalities (n=1995) |
Participants with cervical abnormalities (n=1194) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency n (%) |
Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
Frequency n (%) |
Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
||
| Patient-Focused | |||||
| Co-morbidity | Disability | 16 (0.8) | 0.98 (0.58–1.63) | 6 (0.5) | 0.42 (0.16–1.15) |
| Co-morbidity | 107 (5.4) | 0.69** (0.55–0.86) | 36 (3.0) | 0.50** (0.33–0.75) | |
| Financial | Insurance | 487 (24.4) | 0.85* (0.74–0.97) | 172 (14.4) | 0.68** (0.55–0.83) |
| Financial problems | 203 (10.2) | 0.83* (0.70–0.98) | 19 (1.6) | 0.80 (0.50–1.30) | |
| Housing | 23 (1.2) | 0.59* (0.36–0.98) | 8 (0.7) | 0.43 (0.18–1.05) | |
| Attitudinal | Attitudes toward providers | 35 (1.8) | 0.87 (0.61–1.26) | 11 (0.9) | 1.12 (0.59–2.12) |
| Perceptions/Beliefs about test/treatment | 225 (11.3) | 0.90 (0.76–1.06) | 61 (5.1) | 1.15 (0.87–1.52) | |
| Not a priority | 9 (0.5) | 0.51 (0.23–1.15) | 9 (0.8) | 0.38* (0.17–0.86) | |
| Fear | 338 (16.9) | 1.15 (0.99–1.33) | 145 (12.1) | 1.10 (0.91–1.33) | |
| Other-Focused | |||||
| Transportation | Transportation | 263 (13.2) | 0.91 (0.79–1.06) | 44 (3.7) | 0.87 (0.63–1.22) |
| Out of town/country | 45 (2.3) | 0.60** (0.43–0.84) | 20 (1.7) | 0.42** (0.24–0.75) | |
| Location of facility | 252 (12.6) | 1.08 (0.92–1.27) | 16 (1.3) | 0.79 (0.47–1.35) | |
| Interpersonal | Social support | 219 (11.0) | 1.07 (0.91–1.26) | 47 (3.9) | 1.24 (0.91–1.69) |
| Child care | 55 (2.8) | 1.02 (0.77–1.37) | 7 (0.6) | 1.75 (0.77–3.95) | |
| Adult care | 34 (1.7) | 0.67* (0.46–0.96) | 1 (0.1) | 0.74 (0.10–5.26) | |
| Employment demands | 152 (7.6) | 1.08 (0.90–1.29) | 47 (3.9) | 0.68* (0.49–0.94) | |
| System | |||||
| Communication concerns: providers | 267 (13.4) | 0.91 (0.78–1.06) | 55 (4.6) | 1.11 (0.82–1.51) | |
| Literacy | 137 (6.9) | 0.87 (0.71–1.06) | 17 (1.4) | 1.03 (0.62–1.73) | |
| Language/Interpreters | 416 (20.9) | 0.89 (0.77–1.02) | 95 (8.0) | 1.26 (1.00–1.59) | |
| System problems | 434 (21.8) | 0.80** (0.71–0.91) | 120 (10.1) | 0.57** (0.46–0.72) | |
*
p<0.05;
**
p<0.01 (significant findings in bold font)
†
Adjusted HRs estimated from multivariable Cox model stratified by study site with covariates age, race/ethnicity, marital status, and health insurance