Table 3.
Effect modification by age, race/ethnicity, BMI, physical activity level, physical function, and chronic disease
| Variable | No. of events | Total sedentary time (95% CI) | p-valuea for interaction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤4 hours | >4–8 hours | >8–11 hours | ≥11 hours | |||
| All-cause mortality | ||||||
| Age (years) | 0.3470 | |||||
| 50–59 | 1,623 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.31 (1.03, 1.67) | 1.30 (1.01, 1.67) | 1.32 (1.03, 1.69) | |
| 60–69 | 5,178 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.13) | 1.13 (1.01, 1.25) | 1.14 (1.02, 1.27) | |
| 70–79 | 6,515 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.19) | |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.0347 | |||||
| White | 11,269 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | |
| Black | 1,168 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.98 (0.80, 1.19) | 1.35 (1.09, 1.66) | 1.37 (1.11, 1.70) | |
| Hispanic | 341 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.26 (0.90, 1.78) | 1.14 (0.76, 1.71) | 1.06 (0.66, 1.70) | |
| Otherb | 343 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.27 (0.87, 1.86) | 1.16 (0.76, 1.77) | 1.45 (0.95, 2.20) | |
| BMI | 0.8532 | |||||
| <25 | 5,076 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.12) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.16) | 1.12 (1.00, 1.26) | |
| 25–<30 | 4,277 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.18) | 1.09 (0.97, 1.23) | 1.10 (0.97, 1.25) | |
| ≥30 | 3,781 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.03 (0.91, 1.18) | 1.10 (0.96, 1.25) | 1.20 (1.05, 1.37) | |
| Physical activity level | 0.1609 | |||||
| Q1 (0–3 METs hours/ week) | 4,179 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.11 (0.99, 1.25) | 1.09 (0.96, 1.23) | 1.22 (1.08, 1.38) | |
| Q2 (>3–<10 METs hours/week) | 3,392 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.08 (0.95, 1.24) | 1.21 (1.05, 1.39) | 1.19 (1.03, 1.38) | |
| Q3 (10–19.75 METs hours/week) | 3,002 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.15) | 1.09 (0.94, 1.26) | 1.17 (1.01, 1.36) | |
| Q4 (>19.75 METs hours/week) | 2,586 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.92 (0.80, 1.04) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 0.94 (0.80, 1.11) | |
| Physical functioning score | 0.4659 | |||||
| T1 (0–75) | 6,542 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.11) | 1.06 (0.96, 1.18) | 1.17 (1.06, 1.29) | |
| T2 (>75–90) | 3,651 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.13) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.17) | |
| T3 (>90–100) | 2,831 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.09 (0.95, 1.24) | 1.16 (1.01, 1.34) | 1.15 (0.99, 1.35) | |
| History of chronic disease | 0.3623 | |||||
| No | 1,394 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.09) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.16) | 1.04 (0.84, 1.29) | |
| Yes | 11,922 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.13) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.18) | 1.16 (1.08, 1.25) | |
| CVD death | ||||||
| Age | 0.8795 | |||||
| 50–59 | 307 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.05 (0.61, 1.81) | 1.18 (0.68, 2.06) | 1.17 (0.68, 2.04) | |
| 60–69 | 1,298 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.02 (0.83, 1.26) | 1.13 (0.91, 1.40) | 1.12 (0.90, 1.40) | |
| 70–79 | 2,273 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.19) | 1.00 (0.84, 1.17) | 1.13 (0.95, 1.34) | |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.4207 | |||||
| White | 3,228 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.17) | 1.01 (0.87, 1.16) | 1.12 (0.97, 1.30) | |
| Black | 390 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (0.71, 1.41) | 1.32 (0.91, 1.92) | 1.57 (1.09, 2.26) | |
| Hispanic | 94 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.97 (0.50, 1.91) | 1.11 (0.53, 2.30) | 0.64 (0.23, 1.82) | |
| Otherb | 105 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.31 (0.65, 2.64) | 1.42 (0.66, 3.05) | 0.85 (0.35, 2.05) | |
| BMI | 0.9656 | |||||
| <25 | 1,369 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.97 (0.80, 1.17) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.22) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.38) | |
| 25–<30 | 1,233 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.36) | 1.13 (0.90, 1.41) | 1.17 (0.92, 1.48) | |
| ≥30 | 1,222 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.05 (0.83, 1.32) | 1.09 (0.86, 1.38) | 1.19 (0.94, 1.51) | |
| Physical activity level | 0.1340 | |||||
| Q1 (0–3 METs hours/ week) | 1,250 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.17 (0.95, 1.46) | 1.07 (0.85, 1.34) | 1.20 (0.95, 1.51) | |
| Q2 (>3–<10 METs hours/week) | 1,024 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.28 (0.99, 1.64) | 1.44 (1.11, 1.87) | 1.37 (1.04, 1.80) | |
| Q3 (10–19.75 METs hours/week) | 847 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.88 (0.68, 1.12) | 0.93 (0.71, 1.22) | 1.22 (0.93, 1.61) | |
| Q4 (>19.75 METs hours/week) | 703 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.87 (0.67, 1.11) | 0.86 (0.65, 1.14) | 0.89 (0.66, 1.22) | |
| Physical functioning score | 0.5999 | |||||
| T1 (0–75) | 2,164 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.14) | 0.99 (0.83, 1.17) | 1.10 (0.93, 1.30) | |
| T2 (>75–90) | 980 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.02 (0.80, 1.28) | 1.02 (0.80, 1.31) | 1.13 (0.87, 1.48) | |
| T3 (>90–100) | 627 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.28 (0.96, 1.69) | 1.42 (1.05, 1.93) | 1.31 (0.93, 1.83) | |
| History of chronic disease | 0.1888 | |||||
| No | 291 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.89 (0.59, 1.34) | 1.14 (0.74, 1.75) | 0.86 (0.52, 1.42) | |
| Yes | 3,587 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) | 1.07 (0.94, 1.23) | 1.20 (1.05, 1.37) | |
| CHD death | ||||||
| Age | 0.9361 | |||||
| 50–59 | 138 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.89 (0.74, 4.85) | 2.06 (0.80, 5.33) | 1.89 (0.73, 4.89) | |
| 60–69 | 607 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.29 (0.94, 1.77) | 1.33 (0.95, 1.86) | 1.41 (1.00, 1.97) | |
| 70–79 | 1,011 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.08 (0.86, 1.37) | 1.08 (0.84, 1.38) | 1.16 (0.90, 1.50) | |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.8766 | |||||
| White | 1,440 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.37) | 1.11 (0.89, 1.38) | 1.26 (1.00, 1.57) | |
| Black | 200 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.37 (0.83, 2.27) | 1.58 (0.91, 2.74) | 1.74 (1.01, 3.00) | |
| Hispanic | 42 | 1.00 (ref) | 2.00 (0.71, 5.64) | 1.46 (0.44, 4.78) | 0.64 (0.13, 3.23) | |
| Otherb | 46 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.14 (0.39, 3.32) | 1.20 (0.35, 4.09) | 0.00 (0.00, inf) | |
| BMI | 0.8623 | |||||
| <25 | 583 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.09 (0.81, 1.46) | 1.16 (0.85, 1.60) | 1.10 (0.78, 1.55) | |
| 25–<30 | 552 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.22 (0.88, 1.69) | 1.23 (0.87, 1.74) | 1.32 (0.92, 1.88) | |
| ≥30 | 592 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.29 (0.91, 1.83) | 1.30 (0.91, 1.86) | 1.53 (1.07, 2.19) | |
| Physical activity level | 0.2532 | |||||
| Q1 (0–3 METs hours/ week) | 599 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.26 (0.91, 1.75) | 1.25 (0.89, 1.75) | 1.30 (0.93, 1.82) | |
| Q2 (>3 – <10 METs hours/week) | 442 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.62 (1.07, 2.46) | 1.85 (1.20, 2.85) | 1.86 (1.19, 2.90) | |
| Q3 (10 – 19.75 METs hours/week) | 411 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.90 (0.63, 1.30) | 1.05 (0.72, 1.55) | 1.32 (0.89, 1.96) | |
| Q4 (>19.75 METs hours/week) | 284 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.12 (0.76, 1.67) | 0.84 (0.53, 1.33) | 0.79 (0.47, 1.32) | |
| Physical functioning score | 0.8747 | |||||
| T1 (0–75) | 1,016 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.12 (0.88, 1.44) | 1.22 (0.94, 1.57) | 1.28 (0.99, 1.66) | |
| T2 (>75–90) | 414 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.27 (0.87, 1.84) | 1.14 (0.76, 1.72) | 1.43 (0.94, 2.18) | |
| T3 (>90–100) | 263 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.24 (0.82, 1.86) | 1.30 (0.83, 2.04) | 1.13 (0.68, 1.89) | |
| History of chronic disease | 0.7150 | |||||
| No | 111 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.77 (0.81, 3.86) | 2.10 (0.92, 4.75) | 1.83 (0.76, 4.39) | |
| Yes | 1,645 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.17 (0.97, 1.41) | 1.18 (0.97, 1.45) | 1.29 (1.05, 1.59) | |
| Cancer death | ||||||
| Age | 0.0031 | |||||
| 50–59 | 850 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.46 (1.03, 2.06) | 1.36 (0.95, 1.96) | 1.34 (0.93, 1.91) | |
| 60–69 | 2,140 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.13 (0.96, 1.33) | 1.45 (1.22, 1.72) | 1.36 (1.14, 1.62) | |
| 70–79 | 1,769 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.98 (0.83, 1.15) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.12) | 1.02 (0.84, 1.24) | |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.3205 | |||||
| White | 4,129 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) | 1.16 (1.02, 1.32) | 1.16 (1.01, 1.32) | |
| Black | 367 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.13 (0.80, 1.61) | 1.64 (1.13, 2.38) | 1.44 (0.98, 2.11) | |
| Hispanic | 97 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.86 (0.96, 3.62) | 1.18 (0.50, 2.79) | 3.05 (1.40, 6.64) | |
| Otherb | 106 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.13 (0.56, 2.29) | 1.16 (0.54, 2.46) | 1.40 (0.65, 3.04) | |
| BMI | 0.7601 | |||||
| <25 | 1,850 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.06 (0.90, 1.25) | 1.13 (0.95, 1.36) | 1.21 (1.00, 1.47) | |
| 25–<30 | 1,578 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.08 (0.89, 1.31) | 1.16 (0.95, 1.42) | 1.13 (0.92, 1.40) | |
| ≥30 | 1,283 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.20 (0.95, 1.52) | 1.46 (1.15, 1.85) | 1.40 (1.10, 1.79) | |
| Physical activity level | 0.5147 | |||||
| Q1 (0–3 METs hours/ week) | 1,370 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.08 (0.88, 1.34) | 1.13 (0.91, 1.40) | 1.21 (0.97, 1.50) | |
| Q2 (>3 – <10 METs hours/week) | 1,167 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.06 (0.84, 1.33) | 1.26 (0.99, 1.59) | 1.17 (0.92, 1.51) | |
| Q3 (10 – 19.75 METs hours/week) | 1,124 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.11 (0.88, 1.40) | 1.40 (1.10, 1.77) | 1.24 (0.96, 1.60) | |
| Q4 (>19.75 METs hours/week) | 1,053 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.13 (0.91, 1.40) | 1.08 (0.85, 1.37) | 1.30 (1.00, 1.68) | |
| Physical functioning score | 0.2447 | |||||
| T1 (0–75) | 1,841 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.02 (0.85, 1.23) | 1.12 (0.93, 1.35) | 1.22 (1.01, 1.47) | |
| T2 (>75–90) | 1,450 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.97 (0.80, 1.18) | 1.08 (0.88, 1.32) | 1.05 (0.84, 1.30) | |
| T3 (>90–100) | 1,387 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.29 (1.06, 1.58) | 1.48 (1.19, 1.83) | 1.36 (1.07, 1.71) | |
| History of chronic disease | 0.2651 | |||||
| No | 663 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.89 (0.68, 1.16) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.23) | 1.02 (0.75, 1.38) | |
| Yes | 4,096 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.14 (1.01, 1.29) | 1.28 (1.13, 1.45) | 1.27 (1.11, 1.45) | |
a
p-value for interaction was calculated by including a product term of total sedentary time and the effect modifier into the model. This model adjusted for the same set of covariates as the multivariate model in Table 2
b
Other included American Indian, and Asian/Pacific Islander. Unknown race/ethnicity was excluded from this analysis
CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease