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. 2014 Jan 21;5:6. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00006

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Copyright © 2014 Muzzio, Soldati, Rolle, Zygmunt, Zenclussen and Jensen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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B-1a B cells from pregnant animals developing pregnancy complications but not from those having normal pregnancies induce Th1 T cell polarization. CD4⁺CD25⁻ naïve T cells (2 × 10⁵) were cultured with CD19⁺CD5⁺ B-1a B cells (1 × 10⁵) (2:1) from non-pregnant, BALB/c (normal pregnant) or DBA/2J (developing pregnancy disturbances) pregnant CBA/J females. Levels of TNFα (A), IFNγ (B), IL2 (C), and MCP1 (D) Th1 cytokines were analyzed in supernatants. Data are expressed as Box and Whisker plots showing median. *P < 0.05 as analyzed by the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test.