Table 3.
First stage results for two-stage least squares analysis of effects of proximity to bars on alcohol consumption
| Zoning ordinances | |
|---|---|
| Fraction of Census Tract zoned “Commercial” | 6.25*** (0.43) |
| Fraction of Census Tract zoned “Industrial” | 0.97*** (0.17) |
| Fraction of Census Tract zoned “Mixed Use” | 3.43*** (0.39) |
| Fraction of Census Tract zoned “Office” | -3.16 (2.61) |
| Fraction of Census Tract zoned “Institutional” | -1.09 (1.68) |
| Fraction of Census Tract zoned “Unincorporated” | 0.98 (2.52) |
| Fraction of Census Tract zoned “Other” | 5.10*** (0.23) |
|
| |
| Other exogenous variables | |
|
| |
| Alcohol availability | |
|
| |
| No. bars within 0.5 to 1 km | 0.12*** (0.0066) |
| No. bars within 1 to 2 km | 0.015*** (0.0027) |
|
| |
| Income and demographic characteristics | |
|
| |
| Age | 0.21*** (0.054) |
| Age2 | -0.0029*** (0.00086) |
| Female | 0.15* (0.076) |
| Black | -0.50*** (0.087) |
| Married | -0.47*** (0.095) |
| Widowed | 0.21 (0.55) |
| Divorced | 0.019 (0.13) |
| Separated | -0.048 (0.20) |
| Years of education | 0.083*** (0.019) |
| Annual income $16,000-$24,999 | -0.025 (0.13) |
| Annual income $25,000-$49,000 | 0.18 (0.11) |
| Annual income $50,000-$74,999 | 0.24 (0.14) |
| Annual income over $75,000 | 0.77*** (0.16) |
|
| |
| Time and city effects | |
|
| |
| 1985-6 | 0.98*** (0.20) |
| 1992-3 | 0.087 (0.17) |
| 1995-6 | -0.13 (0.15) |
| Birmingham | -2.09*** (0.15) |
| Oakland | -2.07*** (0.13) |
| Minneapolis | -1.97*** (0.15) |
| Constant | -3.26*** (0.86) |
|
| |
| Observations | 7,397 |
| R2 | 0.491 |
| Partial R2 | 0.076 |
| F-statistic on excluded instruments | 86.2 |
| Degrees of freedom | (7,7368) |
Standard errors in parentheses
***
p<0.001,
**
p<0.01,
*
p<0.05