Table 2.
Frequencies and mean values of each lumbopelvic cluster within subgroups of the three-part global alignment classification system using K-means clustering procedure
| Univariate analysis for lumbopelvic parameters | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral global alignment (N = 221) | |||||||
| 1 Short hypolordosis 14.5 % (N = 32) |
2 Hypolordosis 21.3 % (N = 47) |
3 Neutral lumbopelvis 23.5 % (N = 52) |
4 Hyperlordosis 12.2 % (N = 27) |
5 Short lordosis 13.1 % (N = 29) |
6 Long lordosis 15.4 % (N = 34) |
||
| Lordosis | −22.9 ± 4.58 (−31.0 to −13.3) | −27.0 ± 4.16 (−36.3 to −18.0) | −30.8 ± 3.76 (−36.7 to −20.3) | −42.4 ± 5.19 (−55.7 to −33.7) | −32.5 ± 4.21 (−42.3 to −21.3) | −35.3 ± 5.41 (−44.3 to −24.7) | ANOVA: P < 0.001†
Post hoc Bonferroni: 4 < 6 < 5 = 3 < 2 < 1 |
| No. of lordotic vertebrae | 3.9 ± 0.42 (3.0 to 4.5) | 5.0 ± 0.54 (4.0 to 6.5) | 4.7 ± 0.52 (3.5 to 6.0) | 5.4 ± 0.65 (4.0 to 7.0) | 4.2 ± 0.79 (2.0 to 5.5) | 6.2 ± 0.75 (5.0 to 8.5) | ANOVA: P < 0.001†
Post hoc Bonferroni: 1 = 5 < 3 = 2 = 4 < 6 |
| Lumbar apex | 15.3 ± 0.52 (14.0 to 16.5) | 14.3 ± 0.56 (13.0 to 16.0) | 14.6 ± 0.42 (14.0 to 15.5) | 14.7 ± 0.54 (13.5 to 16.0) | 15.8 ± 0.52 (15.0 to 17.0) | 13.6 ± 0.62 (12.0 to 15.0) | ANOVA: P < 0.001†
Post hoc Bonferroni: 6 < 2 = 3 = 4 < 1 < 5 |
| Pelvic tilt | 9.3 ± 3.45 (−1.5 to 16.0) | 9.9 ± 2.60 (2.2 to 14.2) | 16.2 ± 2.49 (10.9 to 21.6) | 18.3 ± 3.06 (12.2 to 25.5) | 14.2 ± 2.26 (9.6 to 19.2) | 13.3 ± 4.05 (7.0 to 23.2) | ANOVA: P < 0.001†
Post hoc Bonferroni: 1 = 2 < 6 = 5 = 3 < 4 |
| Sacral inclination | 14.4 ± 3.63 (6.3 to 22.3) | 15.9 ± 3.22 (9.3 to 22.7) | 21.3 ± 3.62 (12.0 to 27.0) | 29.5 ± 3.67 (25.0 to 40.3) | 21.8 ± 3.10 (16.7 to 27.7) | 23.0 ± 2.85 (16.7 to 28.0) | ANOVA: P < 0.001†
Post hoc Bonferroni: 1 = 2 < 3 = 5 = 6 < 4 |
| Univariate analysis for lumbopelvic parameters | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sway-back (N = 176) | ||||
| 1 Flat type 32.4 % (N = 57) |
2 Long lordosis type 25.6 % (N = 45) |
3 Lordotic type 42.0 % (N = 74) |
||
| Lordosis | −24.8 ± 5.54 (−35.7 to −11.0) | −32.5 ± 5.24 (−42.3 to −21.3) | −35.7 ± 5.58 (−49.7 to −23.7) | ANOVA: P < 0.001†
Post hoc Bonferroni: 3 < 2 < 1 |
| No. of lordotic vertebrae | 4.1 ± 0.60 (3.0 to 5.5) | 5.8 ± 0.68 (4.5 to 7.5) | 4.8 ± 0.64 (3.5 to 6.5) | ANOVA: P < 0.001†
Post hoc Bonferroni: 1 < 3 < 2 |
| Lumbar apex | 15.1 ± 0.60 (14.0 to 17.0) | 13.8 ± 0.55 (12.0 to 14.5) | 15.0 ± 0.62 (14.0 to 17.0) | ANOVA: P < 0.001†
Post hoc Bonferroni: 2 < 3 = 1 |
| Pelvic tilt | 9.2 ± 2.86 (2.4 to 16.6) | 12.4 ± 3.41 (6.3 to 19.4) | 15.6 ± 3.47 (9.1 to 24.5) | ANOVA: P < 0.001†
Post Hoc Bonferroni: 1 < 2 < 3 |
| Sacral inclination | 14.6 ± 5.13 (−2.3 to 25.0) | 18.6 ± 3.97 (7.7 to 25.7) | 22.6 ± 4.59 (11.3 to 32.0) | ANOVA: P < 0.001†
Post hoc Bonferroni: 1 < 2 < 3 |
| Univariate analysis for lumbopelvic parameters | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leaning-forward (N = 152) | ||||
| 1 Long hyperlordosis 38.8 % (N = 59) |
2 Neutral lumbopelvis 21.1 % (N = 32) |
3 Hypolordosis 40.1 % (N = 61) |
||
| Lordosis | −33.8 ± 5.77 (−48.0 to −23.0) | −31.8 ± 6.12 (−44.7 to −20.7) | −24.8 ± 5.08 (−33.7 to −10.0) | ANOVA: P < 0.001†
Post hoc Bonferroni: 1 < 2 < 3 |
| No. of lordotic vertebrae | 5.3 ± 0.68 (4.0 to 8.0) | 4.5 ± 0.75 (2.5 to 5.5) | 4.2 ± 0.77 (1.5 to 5.5) | ANOVA: P < 0.001†
Post hoc Bonferroni: 3 = 2 < 1 |
| Lumbar apex | 14.2 ± 0.44 (13.0 to 15.0) | 15.2 ± 0.64 (14.0 to 17.0) | 15.2 ± 0.62 (13.5 to 17.0) | ANOVA: P < 0.001†
Post hoc Bonferroni: 1 < 3 = 2 |
| Pelvic tilt | 18.1 ± 3.60 (10.0 to 26.0) | 13.1 ± 3.22 (5.9 to 22.9) | 11.4 ± 2.76 (5.8 to 18.1) | ANOVA: P < 0.001†
Post hoc Bonferroni: 3 < 2 < 1 |
| Sacral inclination | 22.0 ± 4.22 (10.7 to 32.3) | 23.6 ± 3.79 (14.7 to 31.0) | 15.0 ± 4.11 (3.7 to 23.7) | ANOVA: P < 0.001†
Post hoc Bonferroni: 3 < 1 = 2 |
Data are reported as [mean ± SD (range)]
Lumbar lordosis, pelvic tilt, and sacral inclination in degrees (°); the number of vertebrae constituting the lumbar lordosis was determined via palpation of the inflection point. The vertebral level of the clinical identifiable points of interest (inflection point and lumbar apex) was coded as follows: 9 for T9 level, 10 for T10 level,…13 for L1 level,…17 for L5 level. When a point of interest was, e.g., at the L2–L3 interspace, level was coded as 14.5
For lumbar lordosis, a more negative value indicates a more pronounced curvature; pelvic tilt is positive when the anterior superior iliac spine is inferior to the posterior superior iliac spine; sacral inclination is positive when tilted forward with respect to the vertical
† P < 0.05