Table 7.
Other olfactory tests studies.
| Reference | Definition of olfactory deficits (i.e., anosmia if …) | Unirhinal or birhinal | Smell testing results |
|---|---|---|---|
| BRIEF SMELL IDENTIFICATION TEST (B-SIT) | |||
| Mild TBI | |||
| Neumann et al. (5) | NR | Birhinal | No specific B-SIT results were reported |
| Ruff et al. (26) | NR | NR | Olfaction Score [Mean (SE)] – baseline 4.13 ± 0.11; Δ (baseline–9 weeks) 0.0925 ± 0.18; Δ (baseline–final) 0.0635 ± 0.15; Δ(9 weeks–final) 0.0318 ± 0.14 |
| Multiple levels of TBI severity | |||
| Sigurdardottir et al. (9) | Olfactory dysfunction: B-SIT score of <9 anosmic: unable to Id any smells on the B-SIT | NR | At 3 months: 33 (30%) olfactory dysfunction. mild TBI (score <9) at 3 months: 8 (20%); moderate TBI (score <9) at 3 months: 12 (37%); severe TBI (score <9) at 3 months: 13 (33%). Of the 33 with deficits at 3 months, recovery at 12 months was observed in 13 (39%). Mild TBI (score <9) at 1 year: 6 (15%); moderate TBI (score <9) at 1 year: 5 (15%); severe TBI (score <9) at 1 year: 9 (22%); anosmic: severe TBI: 10% |
| ALBERTA SMELL TEST | |||
| Multiple levels of TBI severity | |||
| Green et al. (15) | Could not smell anything at all | Unirhinal | Mean (SD) |
| Mild: 5.18 (2.6); moderate: 2.92 (2.9); severe: 3.41 (2.7) | |||
| Green and Iverson (19) | NR | Unirhinal | Mean (SD): right nostril-trivial TBI adequate effort (n = 86): 5.8 (2.2); definite TBI adequate effort (n = 93): 3.6 (2.9); Severe TBI adequate effort (n = 40): 3.7 (3.1); trivial TBI poor effort (n = 51): 4.7 (2.8). Left nostril-trivial TBI adequate effort (n = 86): 6.2 (2.2); Definite TBI adequate effort (n = 93): 3.7 (3.0); Severe TBI adequate effort (n = 40): 3.4 (3.2); trivial TBI poor effort (n = 51): 4.9 (2.7). Total nostril-trivial TBI adequate effort (n = 86): 12.0 (3.9); definite TBI adequate effort (n = 93): 7.3 (5.4); severe TBI adequate effort (n = 40): 7.0 (5.9); trivial TBI Poor effort (n = 51): 9.6 (4.9). Patients with severe TBI were 12.0 times more likely to demonstrate impaired olfaction than the patients with very mild injuries |
| HYPOSMIA UTILITY KIT | |||
| Mild TBI | |||
| De Kruijk et al. (16) | Hyposmia: threshold range 30–55dS; anosmia: nil detection of odor at 55dS | NR | Of the 111 in sample, one-quarter revealed quantitative olfactory dysfunction after 2 weeks, while 22% had hyposmia and 4% had anosmia |
| OLFACTORY IDENTIFICATION TEST | |||
| Multiple levels of TBI severity | |||
| Levin et al. (24) | NR | Birhinal | Medians: Olfactory naming (0–12); mild 3.3; moderate 2; severe 0.7; Ctrl 4.1; olfactory recognition (0–12): mild 9.7; moderate 8.3; severe 8.1; Ctrl 9.9 |
| T&T OLFACTOMETER | |||
| Joung et al. (27) | Scored 0/2 on olfaction test | NR | Anosmia – frontal skull base fracture present n = 9 frontal skull base fracture absent n = 13. No statistical difference |
| However, when recovery from anosmia was considered, six patients without fracture showed recovery (66.7%) while only three patients with fracture showed such recovery (23.1%) (p < 0.05) | |||
N, number; Ctrls, controls; M, mean; SD, standard deviation; UPSIT, University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test; N/A, not applicable; NR, not reported; dS, olfactory threshold, B-SIT, brief smell Id test; Δ, change.