Skip to main content
. 2014 Jan 8;14:7. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-7

Table 2.

Correlates of prematurity, low birth weight and small for gestational age deliveries of HIV-exposed uninfected infants

  Preterm Low birth weight Small for gestational age
A) Univariable analysis
 OR [95% CI]
 P
 OR [95% CI]
 P
 OR [95% CI]
 P
 Female infant
 1.1 [0.53-2.3]
 0.8
 2.3 [0.88-5.8]
 0.09
 2.7 [1.2-6.2]
 0.02
 Married
 1.8 [0.42-8.0]
 0.4
 0.65 [0.18-2.3]
 0.5
 0.88 [0.25-3.1]
 0.8
 Employed
 0.87 [0.39-1.9]
 0.7
 1.0 [0.39-2.8]
 0.9
 1.0 [0.42-2.4]
 >0.9
 Years education
 0.89 [0.78-1.0]
 0.1
 1.1 [0.94-1.3]
 0.2
 1.1 [0.96-1.3]
 0.1
 Age (years)
 0.97 [0.89-1.1]
 0.5
 0.93 [0.83-1.0]
 0.2
 0.97 [0.89-1.1]
 0.5
 Body mass index
 0.90 [0.78-1.0]
 0.1
 0.74 [0.61-0.91]
 0.004
 0.80 [0.68-0.94]
 0.007
 Parity
 0.91 [0.68-1.2]
 0.6
 0.52 [0.30-0.89]
 0.02
 0.78 [0.53-1.1]
 0.2
 Alcohol use
 b
  
 c
  
 1.7 [0.37-8.2]
 0.5
 Bacterial vaginosis
 2.1 [0.97-4.4]
 0.06
 2.1 [0.78-5.6]
 0.1
 3.2 [1.4-7.3]
 0.005
 Candida
 0.90 [0.40-2.0]
 0.8
 1.1 [0.41-3.1]
 0.8
 0.74 [0.30-1.8]
 0.5
 Cervical PMN ≥3 per high-powered fielda
 3.2 [1.2-8.9]
 0.02
 2.9 [0.81-10]
 0.1
 1.9 [0.75-4.7]
 0.2
 Abnormal vaginal discharge
 2.4 [1.1-5.2]
 0.03
 1.8 [0.70-4.7]
 0.2
 0.89 [0.41-1.9]
 0.8
 Cervical blood
 5.1 [1.8-14]
 0.002
 2.5 [0.52-12]
 0.3
 0.65 [0.083-5.1]
 0.7
 Trichomonas vaginalis
 0.64 [0.19-2.2]
 0.5
 0.32 [0.042-2.5]
 0.3
 0.72 [0.21-2.5]
 0.6
 Chlamydia trachomatis
 1.7 [0.35-7.8]
 0.5
 3.4 [0.69-17]
 0.1
 0.82 [0.10-6.6]
 0.9
 Treponema pallidum
 b
  
 1.8 [0.21-15]
 0.6
 1.1 [0.14-9.2]
 0.9
 Any sexually transmitted infection
 0.68 [0.25-1.8]
 0.4
 0.91 [0.30-2.8]
 0.9
 0.81 [0.29-2.2]
 0.7
 CD4 cells/mm3 <350
 1.9 [0.90-4.0]
 0.09
 2.0 [0.79-5.3]
 0.1
 1.1 [0.50-2.5]
 0.8
 CD4 percent <15
 3.3 [1.4-7.7]
 0.004
 1.8 [0.58-5.9]
 0.3
 1.0 [0.33-3.1]
 >0.9
 Log10 HIV plasma HIV-1 RNA load at 32 weeks
 1.9 [1.1-3.1]
 0.02
 1.5 [0.81-2.9]
 0.2
 1.1 [0.69-1.8]
 0.7
 Log10 HIV cervical HIV-1 RNA load at 32 weeks
 1.8 [1.3-2.5]
 0.001
 2.1 [1.4-3.2]
 <0.001
 1.3 [0.88-1.8]
 0.2
 
 Preterm
 Low birth weight
 Small for gestational age
B) Multivariable analyses
 OR [95% CI]
 P
 OR [95% CI]
 P
 OR [95% CI]
 P
Model 1 (includes plasma HIV-1 RNA load)
  
  
  
  
  
  
 Cervical PMN ≥3 per high-powered field
 2.9 [1.2-7.3]
 0.02
 *
  
 *
  
 Abnormal vaginal discharge
 3.1 [1.2-7.9]
 0.02
 *
  
 *
  
 Log10 HIV plasma HIV-1 RNA load
 2.1 [1.1-3.8]
 0.03
 *
  
 *
  
Model 2 (includes cervical HIV-1 RNA load)
  
  
  
  
  
  
 Cervical PMN ≥3 per high-powered field
 2.7 [1.0-7.3]
 0.05
 *
  
 *
  
 Abnormal vaginal discharge
 3.6 [1.2-10]
 0.02
 *
  
 *
  
 Log10 HIV cervical HIV-1 RNA load
 1.6 [1.1-2.4]
 0.02
 *
  
 *
  
Model 3 (includes CD4 percent <15) d
 
  
  
  
  
  
 Cervical PMN ≥3 per high-powered field
 3.5 [1.4-8.6]
 0.007
 *
  
 *
  
 Abnormal vaginal discharge
 3.2 [1.3-8.2]
 0.01
 *
  
 *
  
 CD4 percent <15
 2.4 [1.0-5.6]
 0.05
 *
  
 *
  
Model 4
  
  
  
  
  
  
 Parity
 *
  
 0.46 [0.24-0.88]
 0.02
 *
  
 Log10 HIV cervical HIV-1 RNA load
 *
  
 2.4 [1.5-6.7]
 <0.001
 *
  
Model 5
  
  
  
  
  
  
 Body mass index
 *
  
 *
  
 0.75 [0.61-0.92]
 0.005
 Bacterial vaginosis *   *   3.2 [1.4-7.4] 0.007

Notes. All clinical assessments and laboratory measurements were performed at 32 weeks gestation. aCohort median for polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) detected was 3. bNo women who used alcohol during pregnancy, and no women with Treponema pallidum delivered preterm. cNo women who used alcohol during pregnancy delivered a low birth weight infant. B) Multivariable logistic regression models. Stepwise logistic regression was used to create final multivariable models for each of the three outcomes as described in the Statistical Methods; because plasma HIV viral load, cervical HIV viral load, and CD4 percent were collinear, we adjusted for these in separate models. d An alternative model including CD4 < 350 cells/mm3 returned point estimates for PMN and vaginal discharge that were similar to Model 3 (data not shown). * indicates that this outcome was not assessed in the model.