Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to blood cadmium level tertile in CPD patients ( n = 301)
| Characteristics |
Low BCL group (<0.19 μg/L) |
Middle BCL group (0.19 - 0.39 μg/L) |
High BCL group (>0.39 μg/L) |
P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ( n = 101) | ( n = 102) | ( n = 98) | ||
|
Demographics |
|
|
|
|
| Age (years) |
45.3 ± 13.1 |
50.1 ± 13.1 |
53.2 ± 13.3 |
<0.001 |
| Female sex |
58 (57.4) |
66 (64.7) |
65 (66.3) |
0.192 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) |
22.7 ± 3.6 |
22.7 ± 4.2 |
22.7 ± 3.6 |
0.799 |
| Smoking (Yes) |
23 (22.8) |
26 (25.5) |
19 (19.4) |
0.567 |
|
Comorbidity |
|
|
|
|
| Diabetes mellitus (Yes) |
7 (6.9) |
13 (12.7) |
17 (16.7) |
0.023 |
| Hypertension (Yes) |
90 (89.1) |
88(86.3) |
84 (85.7) |
0.468 |
| Previous cardiovascular diseases (Yes) |
14 (13.9) |
13 (12.7) |
11 (11.2) |
0.183 |
|
Dialysis-Related Data |
|
|
|
|
| Peritoneal dialysis duration (years) |
3.8 ± 2.9 |
3.4 ± 3.1 |
3.8 ± 2.9 |
0.609 |
| High and high average Cr D/P, 4 h (Yes) |
44 (43.6) |
58(56.9) |
49 (50.0) |
0.658 |
| Erythropoietin (U/kg/week) |
45.9 ± 32.5 |
44.5 ± 31.5 |
45.6 ± 31.0 |
0.810 |
| Total Kt/V |
2.17 ± 0.33 |
2.18 ± 0.42 |
2.16 ± 0.37 |
0.478 |
| Residual renal Ccr (L/week/1.73 m2)* |
2.51 (0.0, 71.9) |
2.84 (0.0, 68.1) |
2.99 (0.0, 56.4) |
0.452 |
| Standard total Ccr (L/week/1.73 m2) |
63.8 ± 14.5 |
61.9 ± 13.4 |
62.9 ± 14.1 |
0.365 |
| nPNA (g/kg/day) |
1.09 ± 0.28 |
1.07 ± 0.26 |
1.05 ± 0.26 |
0.303 |
|
Biochemical Data |
|
|
|
|
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) |
8.44 ± 1.56 |
8.53 ± 1.36 |
8.66 ± 1.32 |
0.250 |
| Albumin (g/dL) |
3.96 ± 0.46 |
3.85 ± 0.45 |
3.78 ± 0.50 |
0.006 |
| ALT (IU/L) |
16.5 ± 16.2 |
19.0 ± 12.2 |
19.7 ± 16.0 |
0.131 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) |
12.8 ± 3.0 |
12.2 ± 2.9 |
11.6 ± 3.1 |
0.005 |
| Transferrin saturation (%) |
27.8 ± 13.6 |
27.0 ± 14.2 |
28.2 ± 12.3 |
0.835 |
| Ferritin (μg/L)* |
207.0 (6.9, 1930.0) |
170.0 (5.9, 1497.0) |
196.0 (7.0, 1909.0) |
0.950 |
| Corrected calcium (mg/dL) |
10.0 ± 0.9 |
10.1 ± 0.8 |
10.2 ± 1.0 |
0.081 |
| Phosphate (mg/dL) |
5.5 ± 1.5 |
5.1 ± 1.3 |
5.0 ± 1.3 |
0.010 |
| Intact parathyroid hormone (pg/mL)* |
107.0 (5.0,998.0) |
83.2 (5.0, 647.0) |
81.0 (5.0, 1187.0) |
0.165 |
| Hs-CRP (mg/L)* |
7.09 (0.20,124.45) |
3.89 (0.26, 127.61) |
3.52 (0.20, 59.8) |
0.863 |
|
Cardiovascular Risks |
|
|
|
|
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
200.4 ± 44.5 |
209.6 ± 51.1 |
208.3 ± 41.9 |
0.223 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 214.1 ± 158.3 | 200.3 ± 131.7 | 190.2 ± 130.5 | 0.233 |
Note: P < 0.05 represents significant trends between the groups. *Non-normally distributed data are presented as median (minimum, maximum). Patients with hypertension were either taking antihypertensive drugs regularly or their blood pressure was >140/90 mmHg at least twice. Cardiovascular diseases included cerebral vascular disease, coronary arterial disease, congestive heart failure, and peripheral vascular disease. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BCL, blood cadmium level; CPD, chronic peritoneal dialysis; Ccr, clearance of creatinine; Cr, creatinine; Cr D/P, dialysate-to-plasma ratio of creatinine; Hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; nPNA, normalized protein nitrogen appearance.