Table 1.

Descriptions of Neuropsychological Measures

Measure	Subtest	Description
WISC-IV	Verbal comprehension	Index score of three components (vocabulary, similarities, comprehension) assessing verbal concept  formation and reasoning.
	Perceptual reasoning	Index score of four components (block design, picture concepts, matrix reasoning, picture  completion) assessing visuospatial processing, cognitive flexibility, and nonverbal reasoning.
	Working memory	Index score of three components (digit span, letter-number sequencing, arithmetic) assessing attention, concentration, mental control and working memory.
	Processing speed	Index score of three components (coding, symbol search, cancellation) assessing speed of processing visual stimuli.
D-KEFS	Design fluency switching	Scaled score of switching condition requiring rule change between production of design using a series of dots assessing fluency in generating visual designs, rule following and problem solving.
	Color-word interference  inhibition	Scaled score of time taken to read the ink color a word is printed in (different from the actual  word). while inhibiting the natural verbal reading response assessing cognitive flexibility and  inhibitory control.
	Color-word interference  inhibition/switching	Scaled score of time taken to complete switching between inhibitory and noninhibites responses of  color naming and word reading assessing cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control.
	Twenty questions	Scaled score of the quality of an intial question asked to reduce potential response options,  assessing logical thinking, hypothesis testing and deduction.
	Tower test	Scaled score of the total number of rule violations per item ratio, assessing spatial planning, rule  learning, inhibition and the maintenance of a cognitive set.
	Verbal fluency category  switching	Scaled score of total number of correct words produced during switching task, regardless of  switching accuracy assessing verbal production, simultaneous processing, retrival and expressive  language.
	Trail making switching	Scaled score of time taken to properly connect alternating sequences of numbers and letters,  assessing for visual-motor cognitive flexibility.
CANTAB	Delayed matching to sample	Z-score of percent correct matching of a novel pattern shown to one of four response options shown  at 4000 ms or 12,000 ms delay assessing short-term and long-term visual and spatial memory.
	Intra-extra dimensional shift  total errors	Z-score total numbers of errors made by failure to adjust to the novel conditions and properly attend  to the correct features of shapes and lines assessing cognitive flexibility, discrimination, and  attention shifting.
	Intra-extra dimensional shift  stages completed	Z-score of number of rule change stages completed on a measure requiring adaptation to a series  changing conditions assessing cognitive flexibility, visual discrimination, and attention shifting.
	Spatial workin memory	Z-score of total number of errors counted as returning to a loction where a stimulus was previously  found on a screen where one goes to novel locations to determine the correst responses assessing  cognitive flexibility, rule learning, and spatial working memory.

Note. WISC-IV = Wechsler Intellignece Scale For Children, Fourth Edition; D-KEFS = Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System; CANTAB = Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery.