Table 3.
Performance Across Groups
| Exposed |
Nonexposed |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure [m (SD)] | AE+ (n = 90) | AE− (n = 38) | ADHD (n = 80) | CON (n = 136) | Planned comparisons |
| WISC-IV, Composite scores | |||||
| Verbal comprehension* | 88.07(17.75) | 92.08(13.82) | 98.92(19.77) | 113.98(14.18) | AE+/− < ADHD < CON |
| Perceptual resoning* | 88.89(16.91) | 91.87(13.82) | 96.28(17.96) | 110.26(12.50) | AE+/− < ADHD < CON |
| Working memory | 82.25(15.85) | 92.00(13.67) | 91.10(16.19) | 104.63(12.04) | |
| Processing speed | 81.18(15.69) | 87.18(14.18) | 86.77(15.13) | 98.33(13.54) | |
| D-KEFS, Scaled scores | |||||
| Design fluency* | 7.89(2.80) | 8.55(2.51) | 8.78(3.28) | 11.10(3.08) | AE+/−, ADHD < CON |
| Color-word inhibition | 7.45(3.60) | 8.82(3.04) | 9.00(3.67) | 10.80(2.41) | |
| Color-word inhibition/switching | 8.05(3.90) | 8.86(3.09) | 9.47(3.20) | 11.03(2.37) | |
| Twenty questions | 7.88(2.62) | 8.29(2.40) | 9.28(3.54) | 11.12(3.25) | |
| Tower task | 8.03(2.98) | 9.18(2.77) | 8.65(3.28) | 10.24(2.48) | |
| Verbal fluency* | 7.89(3.60) | 7.74(2.91) | 8.89(3.020 | 11.61(3.17) | AE+/−, ADHD < CON |
| Trail making* | 6.63(4.03) | 7.58(3.49) | 7.69(4.58) | 10.71(2.60) | AE+/−, ADHD < CON |
| CANTAB, z-scores | |||||
| Delayed matching to sample | −0.18(1.13) | 0.37(1.04) | 0.11(0.97) | 0.76(0.76) | |
| IED total errors | −0.20(1.14) | −0.20(0.92) | −0.04(1.08) | 0.39(1.08) | |
| IED stages completed | 0.17(0.75) | 0.03(1.08) | 0.21(0.87) | 0.48(0.66) | |
| Spatial working memory* | −0.16(0.76) | −0.07(0.92) | 0.02(0.77) | 0.72(0.69) | AE+/−, ADHD < CON |
Note. Mean scores are reported above for the four groups [children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure and ADHD(AE+), chilfren with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure without ADHD(AE−), nonexposed children with ADHD (ADHD), and controls (CON)]. WISC-IV = Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition; D-KEFS = Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System; CANTAB = Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery; IED = Intra-Extra Dimensional Shift. AE+/− = combined alcohol-exposed group.
*
Subsets with significant AE × ADHD interactions.