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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2013 Jun 28;189(2):384–394. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.06.023

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Current working model of iPMF. We hypothesize that local spinal mechanisms operating within the phrenic motor pool “sense” and “respond” to reduced bulbospinal respiratory inputs by local release of TNFα in/near the phrenic motor pool. Subsequent activation of TNFα receptors promotes the formation of the aPKCζ/ι -ZIP/p62 signalling cassette in phrenic motor neurons. This stimulus specific signaling cascade increases the synaptic strength and induces iPMF. The pathways downstream of the aPKCζ/ι -ZIP/p62 signalling cassette leading to iPMF are unknown. Similar mechanisms are proposed to occur within hypoglossal and inspiratory intercostal motor pools to give rise to iHMF and iIMF, respectively.