Table 2.
Association of being employed in a smoke-free workplace with living in a smoke-free home among those working indoors in GATS countries (2008–2011) Adjusted Odds Ratio [95% CI]a.
| SEAR |
WPR |
AMR |
EUR |
EMR |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| India N = 12,561 |
Bangladesh N = 1663 |
Thailand N = 4999 |
China N = 1711 |
Philippines N = 2083 |
Viet Nam N = 2373 |
Brazil N = 12,912 |
Mexico N = 2026 |
Uruguay N = 1805 |
Poland N = 2973 |
Romania N = 1174 |
Russian Federation N = 5426 |
Turkey N = 2007 |
Ukraine N = 2741 |
Egyptb N = 4365 |
|
| Smoke-free at work | |||||||||||||||
| Yes |
2.09 [1.77, 2.46] |
1.71 [1.22, 2.41] |
1.52 [1.20, 1.93] |
2.29 [1.37, 3.83] |
2.15 [1.65, 2.79] |
1.97 [1.45, 2.67] |
1.35 [1.20, 1.51] |
1.29 [0.98, 1.70] |
1.12 [0.79, 1.58] |
1.45 [1.18, 1.79] |
1.99 [1.43, 2.76] |
1.55 [1.30, 1.85] |
1.64 [1.28, 2.11] |
1.75 [1.41, 2.18] |
1.30 [1.09, 1.54] |
| No | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Age (yrs) | |||||||||||||||
|
1.02 [1.01, 1.03] |
1.01 [0.99, 1.02] |
1.02 [1.01, 1.04] |
1.00 [0.98, 1.03] |
1.00 [0.99, 1.01] |
1.02 [1.01, 1.03] |
1.01 [1.003, 1.011] |
0.99 [0.98, 1.00] |
1.02 [1.01, 1.03] |
0.99 [0.98, 1.00] |
1.01 [0.99, 1.02] |
0.99 [0.98, 1.00] |
1.02 [1.01, 1.03] |
1.01 [0.99, 1.02] |
1.02 [1.01, 1.03] |
|
| Gender | |||||||||||||||
| Male | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Female |
0.63 [0.53, 0.76] |
0.52 [0.33, 0.83] |
0.93 [0.73, 1.17] |
0.89 [0.46, 1.73] |
0.84 [0.66, 1.07] |
0.73 [0.52,1.02] |
0.84 [0.76, 0.93] |
1.07 [0.82, 1.38] |
0.89 [0.73, 1.09] |
0.71 [0.59, 0.87] |
0.76 [0.57, 1.03] |
0.52 [0.43, 0.63] |
0.62 [0.45, 0.85] |
0.52 [0.41, 0.66] |
0.58 [0.48, 0.71] |
| Residence | |||||||||||||||
| Urban |
1.57 [1.32, 1.85] |
1.28 [0.92, 1.77] |
1.31 [1.04, 1.64] |
2.05 [1.21, 3.48] |
3.06 [2.31, 4.04] |
2.01 [1.46, 2.77] |
1.28 [1.01, 1.63] |
1.03 [0.73, 1.44] |
0.81 [0.60, 1.10] |
1.09 [0.86, 1.39] |
0.48 [0.33, 0.69] |
0.75 [0.60, 0.93] |
1.06 [0.81, 1.38] |
0.77 [0.60, 0.99] |
1.31 [1.08, 1.60] |
| Rural | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Education | |||||||||||||||
| Primary | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | – | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | – | – | 1 (Ref) | – | 1 (Ref) |
| Secondary |
1.58 [1.34, 1.86] |
1.54 [1.12, 2.13] |
1.86 [1.46, 2.37] |
1.43 [0.70, 2.92] |
1.70 [1.13, 2.56] |
1.60 [1.08, 2.36] |
– | 0.81 [0.57, 1.15] |
0.98 [0.72, 1.33] |
0.76 [0.47, 1.24] |
1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 0.98 [0.77, 1.26] |
1 (Ref) | 1.23 [0.97, 1.57] |
| Tertiary |
2.26 [1.83, 2.78] |
2.90 [1.76, 4.78] |
2.54 [1.92, 3.36] |
1.47 [0.56, 3.87] |
2.39 [1.58, 3.62] |
0.99 [0.33, 3.02] |
– | 0.73 [0.49, 1.10] |
1.06 [0.70, 1.60] |
1.05 [0.63, 1.74] |
1.13 [0.82, 1.55] |
1.04 [0.88, 1.23] |
1.61 [1.14, 2.28] |
1.30 [1.03, 1.65] |
1.60 [1.23, 2.09] |
| Occupation | |||||||||||||||
| Employed | 0.99 [0.85, 1.15] |
1.41 [1.02, 1.93] |
0.86 [0.66, 1.14] |
– |
0.74 [0.55, 0.99] |
1.35 [0.97, 1.87] |
1.05 [0.94, 1.17] |
0.89 [0.61,1.30] |
1.08 [0.78, 1.49] |
1.04 [0.81, 1.35] |
0.44 [0.27, 0.72] |
0.96 [0.71, 1.32] |
0.88 [0.66, 1.16] |
0.86 [0.59, 1.28] |
0.88 [0.67, 1.15] |
| Self employed | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | – | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Current smoking | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| No |
4.49 [3.62, 5.57] |
2.50 [1.81, 3.47] |
3.07 [2.34, 4.02] |
1.67 [0.76, 3.65] |
2.84 [2.05, 3.92] |
2.04 [1.35, 3.06] |
4.53 [3.98, 5.16] |
1.62 [1.20, 2.19] |
4.18 [3.09, 5.66] |
6.07 [4.87, 7.57] |
3.78 [2.74, 5.22] |
3.58 [2.93, 4.37] |
2.47 [1.91, 3.19] |
4.25 [3.38, 5.35] |
7.64 [6.04, 9.67] |
| Current smokeless tobacco use | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | – | 1 (Ref) | – | 1 (Ref) | – | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| No |
1.84 [1.54, 2.20] |
1.16 [0.77, 1.75] |
1.64 [0.50, 5.40] |
0.68 [0.09, 5.38] |
1.73 [0.48, 6.31] |
0 .22 [0.03, 1.59] |
2.25 [0.78, 6.48] |
3.12 [0.83,11.68] |
– | 0.36 [0.06, 2.25] |
– | 2.29 [0.78, 6.68] |
– | 0.86 [0.10, 7.72] |
0.90 [0.44, 1.86] |
| Number of household members | |||||||||||||||
|
0.96 [0.93, 0.99] |
0.91 [0.84, 0.99] |
0.94 [0.89, 1.00] |
1.12 [0.88, 1.42] |
0.94 [0.88, 0.99] |
0.90 [0.81, 0.99] |
0.98 [0.95, 1.02] |
0.99 [0.92, 1.06] |
0.99 [0.90, 1.10] |
1.01 [0.93, 1.08] |
1.17 [1.03, 1.32] |
1.09 [1.01, 1.17] |
0.96 [0.90, 1.02] |
1.11 [1.01, 1.21] |
0.91 [0.85, 0.96] |
|
Bold values indicate a significant association between the independent variable and the dependent variable, compared with the reference category (p < 0.05).
a
Adjusted odds ratios and 95% CIs obtained from country-specific individual-level multiple logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, place of residence, education, occupation, current smoking, current smokeless tobacco use and number of household members. A country-specific region variable was also included in the models for India, Thailand, China, Brazil, Poland and Ukraine (not shown in the table to maintain uniformity as regions varied by country).
b
Region variable was excluded from the country-specific regression model in Egypt due to collinearity (VIF > 13).