Table 4.
Factors associated with small size at birth in Nepal, NDHS 2011
|
Factors |
Unadjusted OR |
Adjusted OR |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||
|
Wealth status |
P = 0.001 |
P = 0.051 |
P = 0.038 |
P = 0.272 |
| Rich |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| Middle |
1.142 (0.850–1.533) |
1. 333 (1.053–1.689)* |
1.352 (1.070–1.709)* |
1.223 (0.949 –1.575) |
| Poor |
1.535 (1.219–1.932) |
1.095 (0.821 –1.461) |
1.109 (0.834 –1.476) |
1.039 ( 0.760 –1.420) |
|
Development region |
P < 0.001 |
P < 0.001 |
P <0.001 |
P < 0.001 |
| Eastern |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| Central |
0.696 (0.488–0.991) |
0.697 (0.487– 0.997) |
0.701 (0.490–1.003) |
0.655 (0.459–0.935) |
| Western |
0.798 (0.567–1.124) |
0.793 (0.559–1.124) |
0.800 (0.561 –1.141) |
0.846 (0.586–1.223) |
| Mid -Western |
1.497 (1.067–2.101) |
1.388 (0.981 –1.963)* |
1.408 (0.995– 1.993) |
1.299 (0.918–1.840) |
| Far-Western |
1.490 (1.115–1.991) |
1.387 (1.021 –1.883)* |
1.395 (1.026 –1.898)* |
1.698 (1.228–2.349)* |
|
Sex of child |
P < 0.001 |
|
P < 0.001 |
P < 0.001 |
| Male |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
1.00 |
| Female |
1.515 (1.278–1.796) |
|
1.539 (1.296–1.827)* |
1.530 (1.245–1.880)* |
|
Number of ANC visits |
P < 0.001 |
|
|
P < 0.001 |
| 4 or more |
1.00 |
|
|
1.00 |
| 1–3 |
1.286 (1.207–1.610) |
|
|
1.831 (1.381–2.427)* |
| 0 |
1.883 (1.452–2.441) |
|
|
1.315 (1.042–1.661)* |
|
Took iron tablet or syrup during pregnancy |
P = 0.002 |
|
|
P = 0.710 |
| Yes |
1.00 |
|
|
1.00 |
| No |
1.493 (1.163–1.919) |
|
|
1.069 (0.750–1.524) |
|
Smoking by mothers |
P < 0.001 |
|
|
P = 0.114 |
| No |
1.00 |
|
|
1.00 |
| Yes |
1.722 (1.335–2.221) |
|
|
1.297 (0.941–1.760) |
|
Mother’s education |
P = 0.030 |
|
|
P = 0.686 |
| Higher |
1.00 |
|
|
1.00 |
| Secondary |
1.202 (0.773–1.867) |
|
|
1.209 (0.696–2.100) |
| Primary |
1.214 (0.760–1.939) |
|
|
1.022 (0.582–1.794) |
| No education |
1.621 (1.021–2.575) |
|
|
1.114 (0.669–1.855) |
|
Mother’s occupation |
P = 0.047 |
|
|
P = 0.925 |
| Working (paid) |
1.00 |
|
|
1.00 |
| Not working |
1.052 (0.751–1.474) |
|
|
0.949 (0.656–1.373) |
| Agriculture | 1.320 (0.977–1.783) | 0.935 (0.669–1.306) | ||
Model 1: Wealth index, development region (Cox and Snell R square = 0.015; Corrected model p value < 0.001).
Model 2: Sex of child and significant factors in model 1 (Cox and Snell R square = 0.021; Corrected model p value < 0.001).
Model 3: Number of antenatal visits, iron consumption, tobacco smoking, maternal education, maternal occupation (Cox and Snell R square = 0.027; corrected model p value < 0.001).
*statistically significant at 5% level.