Table 1.
Demographic, health, psychiatric, substance-related, and psychosocial characteristics, by heavy smoking and nicotine dependence status. Bolded values are those that are statistically significant (i.e. p<.05).
| Variable | Current heavy smoker (n=39) | Current light/non-smoker (n=41) | P | Nicotine dependent (n=56) | Not nicotine dependent (n=24) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age | 18.0 (2.2) | 16.9 (2.0) | 0.03 | 17.4 (2.1) | 17.5 (2.2) | 0.83 |
| Sex (male) | 19 (48.7) | 23 (56.1) | 0.66 | 29 (51.8) | 13 (54.2) | 0.99 |
| Race (White) | 36 (92.3) | 35 (85.4) | 0.48 | 53 (94.6) | 18 (75.0) | 0.02 |
| Health | ||||||
| BMI—overweight or obese | 15 (40.5) | 10 (24.4) | 0.15 | 18 (33.3) | 7 (29.3) | 0.80 |
| Blood pressure, systolic | 112.7 (10.4) | 114.4 (10.2) | 0.37 | 114.2 (10.6) | 112.2 (9.4) | 0.44 |
| Blood pressure, diastolic | 67.1 (9.3) | 70.4 (7.8) | 0.05 | 68.3 (8.9) | 70.1 (8.2) | 0.39 |
| Symptoms and co-occurring disorders | ||||||
| Age at onset of BD | 13.5 (2.7) | 14.3 (2.1) | 0.08 | 13.7 (2.6) | 14.4 (2.1) | 0.25 |
| Mixed episode at baseline | 33 (84.6) | 35 (85.4) | 0.99 | 48 (85.7) | 20 (83.3) | 0.79 |
| Psychosis | 11 (28.2) | 7 (17.1) | 0.33 | 13 (23.2) | 5 (20.8) | 0.79 |
| YMRS | 24.9 (5.9) | 23.7 (5.1) | 0.34 | 25.1 (5.8) | 22.4 (4.3) | 0.04 |
| CDRS-R | 37.3 (9.6) | 35.4 (9.2) | 0.54 | 35.5 (9.2) | 38.3 (9.8) | 0.24 |
| History of suicidal ideation | 19 (52.8) | 21 (51.2) | 0.91 | 27 (50.9) | 13 (54.2) | 0.82 |
| History of suicide attempt | 17 (47.2) | 15 (36.6) | 0.46 | 22 (41.5) | 10 (41.7) | 0.98 |
| ADHDa | 25 (64.1) | 17 (41.5) | 0.04 | 31 (55.4) | 11 (45.8) | 0.44 |
| Conduct disordera | 23 (59.0) | 12 (29.3) | 0.01 | 28 (50.0) | 7 (29.2) | 0.09 |
| Anxiety disordera | 18 (46.2) | 13 (31.7) | 0.53 | 22 (39.3) | 9 (37.5) | 0.88 |
| Alcohol use disordera | 25 (64.1) | 22 (53.7) | 0.84 | 35 (62.5) | 12 (50.0) | 0.25 |
| Illicit drug use disordera | 19 (48.7) | 7 (17.1) | 0.01 | 21 (37.5) | 5 (20.8) | 0.12 |
| History and severity of cannabis use | ||||||
| Age at onset of regular cannabis use | 13.0 (2.1) | 13.3 (1.7) | 0.42 | 13.1 (1.9) | 13.1 (1.8) | 0.96 |
| Age at onset of cannabis abuse/dep. | 14.8 (2.5) | 14.9 (1.5) | 0.16 | 14.8 (2.1) | 15.0 (1.7) | 0.62 |
| Cannabis dependent | 29 (74.4) | 27 (64.9) | 0.97 | 38 (67.9) | 18 (75.0) | 0.55 |
| Years from onset of regular cannabis use to abuse/dep. | 1.7 (2.1) | 1.7 (1.8) | 0.97 | 1.6 (1.9) | 1.9 (2.1) | 0.53 |
| Joints per week, past month | 22.7 (17.4) | 14.2 (13.9) | 0.03 | 20.4 (17.7) | 13.6 (11.0) | 0.08 |
| MCQ general | 4.5 (1.1) | 4.2 (0.9) | 0.28 | 4.4 (1.0) | 4.3 (1.0) | 0.68 |
| MCQ compulsivity | 3.3 (1.4) | 2.7 (1.3) | 0.04 | 3.0 (1.4) | 3.0 (1.4) | 0.89 |
| MCQ emotionality | 6.0 (1.1) | 5.9 (1.4) | 0.59 | 6.0 (1.3) | 5.8 (1.2) | 0.51 |
| MCQ expectancy | 5.2 (1.4) | 5.0 (1.5) | 0.88 | 5.2 (1.3) | 4.9 (1.7) | 0.36 |
| MCQ purposefulness | 4.9 (2.0) | 4.5 (1.8) | 0.81 | 4.7 (1.9) | 4.7 (1.9) | 0.90 |
| Overall and domain-specific functioning | ||||||
| DUSI overall problem density index | 59.3 (9.5) | 50.5 (11.6) | 0.003 | 56.4 (11.3) | 49.8 (10.8) | 0.02 |
| DUSI substance use | 48.0 (24.0) | 42.9 (22.9) | 0.62 | 47.5 (24.5) | 39.9 (20.2) | 0.20 |
| DUSI behavior pattern | 62.5 (14.6) | 53.8 (18.6) | 0.04 | 60.8 (15.7) | 50.4 (19.0) | 0.02 |
| DUSI health status | 49.3 (17.0) | 37.3 (17.7) | 0.01 | 45.1 (18.3) | 36.9 (17.4) | 0.09 |
| DUSI psychiatric disorder | 63.8 (16.1) | 54.5 (18.3) | 0.11 | 61.1 (16.4) | 53.1 (20.0) | 0.07 |
| DUSI social competence | 38.6 (19.5) | 30.5 (18.2) | 0.13 | 37.1 (19.6) | 27.2 (16.4) | 0.045 |
| DUSI family system | 56.7 (22.8) | 58.8 (15.9) | 0.43 | 59.0 (18.7) | 54.4 (22.8) | 0.40 |
| DUSI school performance | 69.0 (15.8) | 55.1 (16.3) | 0.001 | 62.0 (17.4) | 59.3 (17.8) | 0.56 |
| DUSI work adjustment | 34.0 (25.3) | 24.6 (18.8) | 0.40 | 29.8 (23.1) | 26.5 (20.3) | 0.43 |
| DUSI peer relationship | 72.1 (12.3) | 60.9 (16.9) | 0.002 | 68.3 (15.3) | 60.8 (16.5) | 0.08 |
| DUSI leisure/recreation | 60.2 (16.8) | 49.8 (20.0) | 0.04 | 54.7 (20.3) | 54.2 (16.8) | 0.93 |
| Medication history | ||||||
| Antipsychotic | 19 (48.7) | 13 (31.7) | 0.20 | 24 (42.9) | 8 (33.3) | 0.40 |
| Mood stabilizer | 12 (30.8) | 6 (14.6) | 0.13 | 12 (21.4) | 6 (25.0) | 0.75 |
| Stimulant | 21 (53.8) | 14 (34.1) | 0.05 | 27 (48.2) | 8 (33.3) | 0.23 |
| Antidepressant | 17 (43.6) | 9 (22.0) | 0.07 | 20 (35.7) | 6 (25.0) | 0.33 |
| Smoking cessation agent | 6 (15.4) | 3 (7.3) | 0.33 | 5 (8.9) | 4 (16.7) | 0.33 |
Note: Heavy smoking is based on current use, whereas nicotine dependence is based on meeting lifetime criteria. Values in table are mean (S.D.) or n (%). All analyses except demographics controlled for age. BMI=body mass index; BD=bipolar disorder; YMRS=Young Mania Rating Scale; CDRS-R=Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised; ADHD=attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; MCQ=Marijuana Craving Questionnaire; DUSI=Drug Use Screening Inventory, Revised. Values for DUSI subscales represent percentage of items endorsed positive, where positive responses reflect problems in that area.
a
Lifetime DSM-IV diagnoses.