Table 2.
Cox Proportional Hazards Models Predicting Hard Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Events, Fatal or Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction (MI), Fatal or Nonfatal Stroke, and All-Cause Mortality
| Outcome | Events (%) | Treatment | Treatment × Baseline CVD | Treatment: No Baseline CVD (n = 168) | Treatment: Baseline CVD (n = 67) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| HR | 95% CI | p value | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | ||
| Hard CVD Events | 119 (51%) | 0.73 | 0.51–1.05 | .021 | 0.52* | 0.31–0.86 | 1.19 | 0.70–2.03 |
| Men Only | 35 (63%) | 0.61 | 0.31–1.21 | .062 | 0.30* | 0.10–0.93 | 1.12 | 0.43–2.92 |
| Women Only | 84 (47%) | 0.81 | 0.53–1.25 | .10 | 0.63 | 0.35–1.12 | 1.23 | 0.64–2.35 |
| Adjusted† | 119 (51%) | 0.86 | 0.59–1.25 | .033 | 0.58* | 0.35–0.99 | 1.24 | 0.68–2.25 |
| Broad Baseline CVD‡ | 119 (51%) | 0.73 | 0.51–1.05 | .20 | 0.60 | 0.30–1.21 | 1.01 | 0.66–1.55 |
| Missing Cause of Death§ | 127 (54%) | 0.71 | 0.50–1.01 | .031 | 0.53* | 0.32–0.86 | 1.12 | 0.67–1.86 |
| Fatal or Nonfatal MI | 103 (44%) | 0.82 | 0.56–1.20 | .083 | 0.61 | 0.35–1.06 | 1.26 | 0.73–2.18 |
| Fatal or Nonfatal MI – Enzyme Confirmed | 73 (31%) | 0.79 | 0.50–1.25 | .022 | 0.47* | 0.24–0.93 | 1.49 | 0.76–2.90 |
| Fatal or Nonfatal Stroke | 37 (16%) | 0.56 | 0.29–1.08 | .038 | 0.25** | 0.08–0.75 | 1.10 | 0.45–2.71 |
| All-Cause Mortality | 91 (39%) | 0.95 | 0.63–1.44 | .14 | 0.76 | 0.45–1.29 | 1.44 | 0.74–2.80 |
Note. N = 235 (179 women, 56 men). HR = hazard ratio. CI = confidence interval.
Adjusted for age, sex, race, hypertension, diabetes, smoking status, body mass index, baseline Symptom Checklist-20 (SCL-20), and baseline antidepressant use. Sex (HR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.21–2.72, p = .004), diabetes (HR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.02–2.18, p = .04), and baseline SCL-20 (HR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.14–2.35, p = .01) were independent predictors of hard CVD events in the expected directions.
Baseline CVD (no: n = 112, yes: n = 123) defined as the occurrence of any of the following before IMPACT enrollment: (a) ischemic heart disease diagnosis (ICD-9 codes 410–414, 429.2), (b) laboratory evidence of an acute MI (creatine kinase-myocardial band isoenzyme value >3.0 ng/ml or troponin value >0.3 μg/L), (c) percutaneous coronary intervention (ICD-9 codes 00.66, 36.03, 36.06, 36.07, 36.09; CPT codes 92980-92984, 92995, 92996), (d) coronary artery bypass graft (ICD-9 codes 36.10-36.19; CPT codes 33510-33536), (e) cerebrovascular disease diagnosis (ICD-9 codes 430-434, 436-438), or (f) thrombolytic therapy (CPT code 37195).
Exploratory analyses in which the 8 cases who had missing cause of death data and were negative for all other CVD event markers were coded as MI/stroke deaths.
p < .05.
p < .01.