Table 5.

Neurodevelopmental outcomes of organophosphate pesticide exposure studies listed in Table 4.

Author/cohort	Cognitive	Behavioral	Sensory	Motor	Morphology
Young et al. (2005) (CHAMACOS, CA, USA)	n/a	No effect	n/a	↑ Abnormal reflexes	n/a
Eskenazi et al. (2007) (CHAMACOS, CA, USA)	3.5 point decrease in MDI with 10-fold increase in DAPs @ 24 months but not at other ages	2-Fold increase in risk of PDD with each 10-fold increase in DAPs	n/a	n/a	n/a
Eskenazi et al. (2010) (CHAMACOS, CA, USA)	↓ MDI score with PON1 variant	↑ PDD symptoms with ↓ PON1 activity	n/a	No effect	n/a
Marks et al. (2010) (CHAMACOS, CA, USA)	n/a	↑ Attention problems, ADHD	n/a	n/a	n/a
Bouchard et al. (2011) (CHAMACOS, CA, USA)	7 IQ pt decrease between lowest and highest quintile of exposure @ 7 years (changes seen in working memory, processing speed, verbal comprehension and perceptual reasoning)	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Rauh et al. (2006) (Columbia, NY, USA)	3.3 pt ↓ in MDI score	↑ Risk of attention symptom, ADHD, PDD problems	n/a	6.5 pt ↓ in PDI score	n/a
Rauh et al. (2011) (Columbia, NY, USA)	0.4–0.8 pt and 0.2–0.4 decrease in Working Memory score and IQ with 1 pg/g increase in CPF	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Rauh et al. (2012) (Columbia, NY, USA)	IQ × exposure interaction related to ↑ surface measures of brain	n/a	n/a	n/a	↑ Brain areas associated with cognition, behavior, language, reward, emotion and inhibitor control likely related to swelling from neuronal damages IQ x exposure interaction related to ↑ surface measures of brain
Engel et al. (2007) (Mt. Sinai, NY, USA)	n/a	No effect	n/a	2.24× ↑ abnormal reflexes	n/a
Engel et al. (2011) (Mt. Sinai, NY, USA)	3.3 and 2.1 point decrease in MDI with 10-fold increase in DAPs @12 (nonwhites only) and 24 months; no affect on PDI; decreased perceptual reasoning	n/a	n/a	No effect	n/a
Rohlman et al. (2005) (OR and NC, USA)	No effect	No effect	No effect	↓ Response speed and latency	n/a
Ruckart et al. (2004) (Superfund sites, USA)	↓ In short term memory (inconsistent across sites)	↓ Attention and adaptive behavior (inconsistent across sites)	n/a	↓ Motor skills (inconsistent across sites)	n/a
Dahlgren et al. (2004) (Family case study; CA, USA)	Diagnosis of cognitive disorder, attention/executive dysfunction, severe expressive language disorder	n/a	↓ Visual and auditory stimuli	Verbal articulation problems	n/a
Martos Mula et al. (2005) (Jujuy, Argentina)	↓ Short term memory	No effect	↓ Visual perception performance	n/a	n/a
Eckerman et al. (2007) (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)	↓ In digit span test	↓ selective attention	No effect	↓ Motor speed	n/a
Grandjean et al. (2006) (Quito, Ecuador)	No effect	n/a	↓ Visuospatial performance	↑ Reaction time with ↑ DAPs	n/a
Kofman et al. (2006) (poisonings occurring <3 yrs age in Israel)	↓ Verbal memory	Decreased performance on statue test (↓ inhibitory control)	n/a	n/a	n/a
Rohlman et al. (2007) (Oregon, USA)	↓ Complex functioning	↓ sustained attention	No effect	↓ Response speed	n/a
Handal et al. (2007a) (Ecuador)	Marginally significant ↓ in communication	↓ Social individual skills	n/a	↓ Fine and gross motor skills	n/a
Handal et al. (2007b) (Ecuador)	↓ Problem solving skills	No effect	n/a	↓ Fine motor skills, ↓ visual motor integration	n/a
Lizardi et al. (2008) (Hispanic agricultural children in AZ, USA)	↓ In subtest performance driven by two high levels (↓ conceptual level responses, failure to maintain set, ↑ number of errors and perseverative responses).	No effect	n/a	No effect	n/a
Abdel Rasoul et al. (2008) (Menoufia, Egypt)	↓ Intelligence in exposed, ↓ spatial relations, ↓ memory speed	↓ Attention in exposed	↓ Audio and visual memory	No effect	n/a
Handal et al. (2008) (Ecuador)	↓ Communication skills	n/a	↓ Visual accuity	↓ Fine motor skills
Bouchard et al. (2010) (NHANES 2000–2004, USA)	n/a	↑ Hyperactive/impulsive ADHD; no differences seen in inattentive subtype or combined subtypes	n/a	n/a	n/a
Harari et al. (2010) (Quito, Ecuador)	No effect	↓ Attention function with DAPs	n/a	↓ Motor speed, function with maternal occupation	n/a
Muñoz et al. (2011) (Chile)	↓ Processing speed	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Guodong et al. (2012) (Shanghai, China)	No association with language score	No association with social score	n/a	No association with motor score	n/a

ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; DAPs = dialkylphosphate metabolites of organophosphate insecticides; n/a = not applicable; MDI = mental development index; PDD = pervasive development disorder; PDI = psychomotor development index; PON1 = paraoxonase.